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The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States. Founded in 1828, it was predominantly built by Martin Van Buren, who assembled politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party. Its main political rival has been the Republican Party since the 1850s, with both parties being big tents of competing and often opposing viewpoints. Modern American liberalism — a variant of social liberalism — is the party's majority ideology. The party also has notable centrist, social democratic, and left-libertarian factions. The historical predecessor of the Democratic Party is considered to be the Democratic-Republican Party. Before 1860, the Democratic Party supported expansive presidential power, the interests of slave states, agrarianism, and expansionism, while opposing a national bank and high tariffs. It split in 1860 over slavery and won the presidency only twice between 1860 and 1910, although it won the popular vote a total of 4 times in that period. In the late 19th century, it continued to oppose high tariffs and had fierce internal debates on the gold standard. In the early 20th century, it supported progressive reforms and opposed imperialism, with Woodrow Wilson winning the White House in 1912 and 1916. Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition after 1932, the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform, including Social Security and unemployment insurance. The New Deal attracted strong support for the party from recent European immigrants but caused a decline of the party's conservative pro-business wing. Following the Great Society era of progressive legislation under Lyndon B. Johnson, the core bases of the parties shifted, with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic. The party's labor union element has become smaller since the 1970s, and as the American electorate shifted in a more conservative direction following Ronald Reagan's presidency, the election of Bill Clinton marked a move for the party toward the Third Way, shifting the party's economic stance towards market-based economic policy. Elected as the nation's first non-white president in 2008, Barack Obama oversaw the party's passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010.

The Democratic Party's philosophy of modern American liberalism blends cultural liberalism and social equality with support for a mixed capitalist economy. On social issues, it advocates stricter gun laws, abortion rights, affirmative action programs, LGBT rights, criminal justice and immigration reform, along with the legalization of marijuana. Expansion of social programs, health care reform, equal opportunity, and consumer protection form the core of the party's economic agenda. Since the early 2010s, the Democratic Party has shifted significantly to the left on social, cultural, and religious issues. Like the Republican Party, it has taken widely variant and often opposing positions on abortion, trade, immigration, and foreign policy throughout its history.

As of the 2020s, the party does best among voters who are upper class, have higher incomes,  possess postgraduate degrees, live in urban areas, are a member of a sexual minority, or are Black or Jewish. In recent years, the party has increased support among affluent, college-educated whites and lost support among voters with lower incomes or lacking a college degree, including from working-class Asian Americans and Hispanics but not African Americans. As of 2024, the party holds the presidency and a majority in the U.S. Senate, as well as 24 state governorships, 19 state legislatures, and 17 state government "trifectas" (control of the governorship and both houses of the legislature). Three of the nine sitting U.S. Supreme Court justices were appointed by Democratic presidents. By registered members (in those states which permit or require registration by party affiliation), the Democratic Party is the largest party in the United States and the third largest in the world. Including the incumbent, Joe Biden, 16 Democrats have served as president of the United States.