User:Nerlost/sandbox/Calorie

Nerlost/sandbox/Calorie - a page to hold edits for article and talk for Calorie article. and to hold references

In Progress
Nerlost (talk) 07:07, 21 January 2013 (UTC)


 * Add a History heading or even a History of the calorie article. It would need to cover the confusion over the different definition of small calorie and large calorie.


 * Use same note as in Metre

For the conversions within this table
 * "≈" means "is approximately equal to"
 * "≡" means "equal by definition" or "is exactly equal to"

Btu
A unit of heat energy whose magnitude is such that 1 British thermal unit per pound equals 2326 joules per kilogram; it is equal to exactly 1055.05585262 joules. Also known as international table British thermal unit (BtuIT).


 * Feynman page
 * http://www.numericana.com/answer/feynman.htm#table and #calorie


 * ASME International Steam Tables for Industrial Use


 * ASME Steam Tables

Beginning with 3rd ed. (c1977) published under title: ASME steam tables. Cover title: ASME steam tables, 1967.

Queensland University of Technology. Gardens Point Campus Library. Open to the public	 .b24445356; ggen 621.10212 7 /2	 Conference Proceedings	 English

Heading
Journal of the American Dietetic Association

J Am Diet Assoc. 1970 Nov;57(5):415-6. The joule--unit of energy. Ames SR.

Report of The American Institute of Nutrition Committee on Nomenclature: S. R. Ames, Chairman (page 1240).

IV. Joule versus Calorie

The IUNS Committee on Nomenclature prepared a statement on "The Status of the Joule and the Calorie as Units of Energy" and recommended its adoption at the VIII International Congress of Nutrition, Prague, in 1969. In brief, this statement presented some background on both terms, noted relationships between the various "calories" and the joule, proposed using a less accurate ratio by most nutritionists and dietitians and by a majority recommended that ultimately the joule replace the calorie as the unit of energy.

This statement was reviewed by the AIN Committee on Nomenclature at its Atlantic City meeting in 1970. The AIN Committee recommends that the relationship between the calorie and the joule be accurately stated. It appears that most nutritionists are, in fact, using the "thermochemical calorie" which equals 4.184 joules exactly. The correspondence between the "nutritional calorie" and the "thermochemical calorie" in the USA will be investigated further. In addition, this Committee recommends that replacement of the kilocalorie by the kilojoule (kJ) be effected in the principal nutritional journals as soon as the mechanics of the transition can be established. This recommendation was reviewed with the Editorial Board of the Journal of Nutrition.

Report of The American Institute of Nutrition Committee on Nomenclature: S. R. Ames, Chairman (page 1279).

5. Joule vs. Calorie

With reference to the preferred unit for energy, this Committee:

1) Commended the Editorial Board of The Journal of Nutrition on the statement in the "Guide to Authors" which reads "Energy may be expressed either in kilocalories or in Joules. Whichever energy unit is used in the manuscript, the conversion ratio understood or used should be stated. Presently the conversion ratio recognized by The Journal is 4.184 kilojoules/kilocalorie."

This article glosses over “thermochemical calorie”, and ends with an incorrect recommendation to define “1 calorie = 4186 Joule”

‘Unit of Energy’ pp104 – 107

The defined calorie for thermochemistry and chemical thermodynamics came into existence about 1930 by Frederick Rossini in the Thermochemical Laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards, and, by common consent, was used thereafter in practically all research laboratories in the United States dealing with thermochemistry and chemical thermodynamics. This calorie was defined as



With the change to absolute electrical units in 1948, this calorie was redefined in order to keep precisely the same the quantity of energy represented by it:






 * National Bureau of Standards Report 9040, 1966, Electrochemical Data Part I, Walter J. Hamer

http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660005193_1966005193.pdf

"Thermochemical calorie (defined), calth = 4.1840 joules"

"thermochemical calorie = 4.184 J"

Need More Background on The ThermoChemical Calorie.
The International Table Calorie is now defined as 4.1868 Joules in accordance with the determination of the fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1956). This detaches the calorie from the properties of water and yet retains a value very close to the properties of water. The ThermoChemical calorie is defined exactly in terms of Joules as well but uses 4.184 Joules. Who gave this definition and what was the reason? What does "ThermoChemical" imply? 134.131.125.49 23:36, 18 July 2007 (UTC)


 * Bichowsky and Rossini introduced the concept of a defined calorie to use when converting experimental results obtained in joules In order to satisfy the popular demand for the calorie as a unit in calculations and tabulations, and at the same time depart as little as possible from the fundamental unit of energy, the joule, in terms of which all accurate thermochemical measurements are actually made, this has since become known as the thermochemical calorie.
 * Nerlost (talk) 07:03, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Nerlost (talk) 07:03, 23 January 2013 (UTC)


 * in order to fulfil popular demand for results in calories
 * use an exact conversion by definition, rather than to an experimentally measured entity
 * allows the published data to be reinterpreted later without reference to what definition of calorie is used

the amount of energy exactly equal to 4.184 joules

Could there be a typo in the FAO source?
The FAO source defines thermochemical calorie twice as 4.1840 J exactly. But when refering to the "nutritional calorie" as "basically" the thermochemical calorie, the source indicates the factor of 4.182 J per thermochemical calorie. I am thinking the 4.182 factor was a typo and that 4.184 is the correct factor. maybe. 151.121.65.250 11:24, 28 January 2011 (UTC)


 * Yes, there is a typo in the FAO source. A definition for the IUNS calorie was added to the Calorie Wikipedia page on 9 March 2006. A source for this definition was added on 28 May 2008. "IUNS calorie = 4.182 J This is a ratio adopted by the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences."


 * This one sentence in the FAO source does contain the value 4.182, but I believe this is a typographical error in the original document and the value should be 4.184. The value of 4.184 is used in four other paragraphs in the source document as the exact conversion factor, for example it states "'The Committee on Nomenclature of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences concluded that most nutritionists use the thermochemical calorie which equals 4.1840 J exactly.'"


 * The FAO source is one working paper from the agenda for the FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee meeting.  The FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee's report, published in 1973, uses 4.184, it simply states:  "Many international and national organizations have recommended that all forms of energy should be expressed quantitatively in terms of joules, and the Committee decided to follow this recommendation but to express values in both joules and calories, the traditional unit of nutritionists. The usual unit of energy in nutrition studies is the kilocalorie (103 calories), and hence 1 kilocalorie (1 kcal) = 4.184 kilojoules (kJ)."


 * Once it is accepted that 4.182 is a typographical error and that 4.184 was intended, and in the absence of a direct reference from the IUNS, then there is no new definition of an IUNS Calorie, and it should be removed from the Wikipedia page.


 * Nerlost (talk) 07:03, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

/* Definitions */ removed IUNS calorie it was based on a typographical error in FAO source. See Talk