User:NewsAndEventsGuy/111 Coup label research notes and comments

Research notes re: possible Trump coup attempt.

Before getting started,  This ain't no house, but it sure is flat..... is a little story (by me) to illustrate one of the major points of confusion when one studies RSs on this question. It is the story of Bob, who got other people to put shingles on his roof, and how "it" was characterized when "it" was finished.

One summer, Bob finally got to build a house of his own. He....
 * bought some vacant land
 * got a survey
 * pulled a permit
 * excavated
 * poured a foundation
 * Assembled the frame
 * Put plywood across the rafters to form the roof deck
 * Covered the plywood with water-shedding underlayment and drip edge

The last step for Bob's house was to nail down the shingles. Instead of doing that himself, Bob invited LOTS of people to big celebration of roofing... "It will be wild!"

On the big day, folks came to the party, bringing shingles, hammers, and nails. Bob gave a long speech about how awesome and necessary it is to lay shingles. After the speech the crowd swarmed over Bob's house and nailed away until the last shingle was in place. Bob's house was done! well, almost... my story ignores windows, siding, mechanicals, interior, and landcaping. Few analogies are perfect....

The dust had hardly settled when a professor showed up, walked out on the roof and declared it was a flat surface, NOT a house!

THE MORALE OF MY STORY IS..... that "it" is ambiguous. Does it mean the shingled roof, or the whole structure? So when you are reading, thinking, debating the question of "coup" for the capitol attack it is ESSENTIAL to put the context explicitly out in the open. Is the debate
 * A.  About the events in the afternoon and evening of Jan 6 at the capitol all by themselves, or
 * B.  About the capitol attack as the culmination of Trump's overall campaign to stay in power despite losing?  In the notes below, some sources are analyzing each of these questions but not the other.  I've tried to make notes when the context didn't make it obvious.

Background

Journals

 * Daniel Basier (..........Who?........)

During his first campaign for president, Trump’s attacks on economically powerful institutions—like banks and hedge funds—sounded quite similar to Sanders’. However, as his campaign evolved, the institutional targets of Trump’s ire shifted. He increasingly attacked the media—labeling them the “enemy of the people”—, and once he took office, he began attacking politically independent bureaucrats—labeling them the “deep state.”

Most concerningly of all, he routinely attacked elections themselves. When he finished second in the Iowa caucuses, he called them “stolen.” During a presidential debate with Hillary Clinton, he declined to commit to accepting the results of the general election, and even though he won the electoral college, he falsely claimed voter fraud cost him a plurality in the popular vote. And, of course, he failed to accept the results of the 2020 presidential election, the most secure election in American history, and his denial led to a deadly coup attempt at the US Capitol on January 6.

In short, Trump directed his ire at democratic institutions: elections, the media, independent bureaucrats. Let me be clear: we can have reasonable, good-faith debates about how independent and trustworthy those institutions are, but Trump didn’t engage with those concerns in a thoughtful, nuanced way, and he didn’t offer institutional solutions to his grievances. In fact, Trump’s lack of interest in specifics reveals a fundamental truth: he was more interested in attacking institutional power for the sake of his own interests. His attacks on institutions, rather than being rooted in concern about the long-term viability of democracy, were primarily tools for delegitimizing his enemies

We examine the Internet and the World Wide Web from the perspective of Harold Innis’s study of communication in his books The Bias of Communication (Innis 1964) and Empire and Communication (Innis 1950) (p80)
 * Robert Logan, physics professor (...............physics? Caution undue maybe)

Innis provides an insight into how politicians use the media to communicate directly to their constituents, which helps explain how Donald Trump attempted to overthrow the American democracy on January 6, 2021. Trump, through the use of Web based social media such as Twitter and through TV “fake” news via Fox created a fascist anti-democratic movement that led to an attempted coup to overturn the results of a democratic presidential election with what is known as the “Big Lie”. (p84)

It is the polarizing effects of two new forms of media that made Donald Trump’s attempted coup possible. One is the polarizing effects of social media in which a company like Facebook publishes (in the sense of providing a platform for publicizing) untrue material because it attracts a certain class of viewers to spend more time on their site and thereby increase their ad revenue. Hitler had to organize his own media of propaganda through his command of the radio networks of Germany and their broadcasts at home and to German-speaking populations outside of Germany, his use of the loudspeaker, his organization of militaristic spectacles, his use of newsreels showing German successes with the Blitzkrieg, his funding of the production of propaganda posters and his funding of propaganda films with filmmakers like Leni Riefenstahl. Trump had his propaganda media organized for him by Facebook and the TV network Fox News parading as a news network but was in fact nothing more than Trump’s propaganda arm. It is not clear if Fox’s motivation was political or commercial as they have the extreme right-wing audience all to themselves but real news programs like those of ABC, CNN, CBS, NBC and PBS have to compete with each other for audience share. (p85)

cited References Innis, Harold. 1950. Empire and Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Innis, Harold. 1964. Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (First edition1951).

If we substitute "princes" with "part of the state apparatus" and include Trump then this definition is met. The cited source does not contain "autogolpe" nor "coup" and predates Jan 6. Powell and Ben Hammou claim that Marshall and Marshall did say something about Jan 6 but they don't provide a citation. However, we can just go to the website for the Marshalls' center and what do we find right on the hommepage but "The CSP COUP dataset lists an "attempted coup" (COUP=2) for the USA on 6 January 2021."
 * A collection of individual papers titled Forum: A Coup At the Capitol? Conceptualizing Coups and Other Antidemocratic Actions
 * Introduction: Revisiting Coup Conceptualizations Over Time, Powell and Ben Hammou, Id. pp 4-6
 * Authors argue (dubiously) that "traditional coup scholarship" concerns itself with toppling an "executive" ruler, and thus excludes both self coups and coups against the top level of a branch of a government (e.g., Congress). Some of their early sources seem (to me) to admit both possibilities, but I can agree that "coup scholars" applied a narrower lens later.  They also say coups are done by state actors, and exclude civilian "mobs".
 * These authors assessed the storming of the capitol by a "mob of rioters" in isolation from Trump and his 7-Part plan. I don't know when the piece was written, but it was published in March 2022 and the hearings of course came later, so we had not yet heard of the 7-part plan, and not everyone was thinking of the Big Lie and attack as being part of a single effort. In our articles we're talking about the latter, so this paper doesn't really apply, since its talking about a discrete component in isolation.
 * The authors appear to be advancing MAGA/GOP talking points, perhaps unwittingly. This quote is especially problematic "However, following Vice-President Mike Pence’s refusal to reject the election’s results, Trump urged his supporters to march upon the Capitol Building. The situation devolved into chaos as his followers overwhelmed Capitol police units and violently breached the building." These are two of the main GOP whitewashing talking points. Even though Trump told the crowd to go to the capitol saying "if you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore" after the fact Trump whitewashed the Capitol attack saying it was simply "a protest that got out of hand", much like Powell and Ben Hammou apparently take as gospel the intent was to have a peaceful law-abiding "fight like hell or you won't have a country anymore" and then it (oops) accidentally "devolved into chaos".  And just like the MAGA / GOP / FOX folks, the authors treat the attack in isolation, separate and apart from what the Jan 6 committee calls Trump's 7-part plan.
 * "Contemporary definitions also require the action to be undertaken by an element of the state apparatus, a label that does not apply to the mob of rioters. Even invoking Naudé’s definition—which described actions aimed at preserving the regime—is problematic, given that the mob would not qualify as princes."
 * "Consequently, the January 6 event has also earned the label of self-coup, or autogolpe. Marshall and Marshall (2019, 3) consider “auto-coups” and have clarified that Trump’s actions since the election qualify. They do, however, make it clear that these are “not considered coup events.”"
 * Powell and Ben Hammou then introduce the later papers in the forum, noting that one set of authors calls for lumping self-coups with coups, and another author's definition actually did so and then when this author took the Big Lie and the attack together, they labeled Jan 6 a coup.
 * Rethinking Coups, Autogolpes, Illegitimate Impeachments, and Sundry Other Democratic Violations: What’s in a Name?, Smith and Borba, pp 6-13
 * Authors wrote, "Trump’s refusal to acknowledge Biden’s victory was norm-breaking but not unconstitutional" We don't know when they wrote the paper but it was published March 2022 along with the rest of the forum contributions.   FWIW, their dataset ended on January 11, 2021.  It seems likely this was written before we heard evidence of all the allegedly illegal things Trump did to act on his "norm-breaking but not unconstitutional" refusal to concede.
 * Conservative Coup Advocacy in the United States, Kinney (p 13-18)
 * "I argue in favor of a simple definition of a coup d’état: a coordinated and rapid attempt to seize executive authority by violent or extralegal means. This definition centers classification of coups on the aims and actions of perpetrators, rather than their identity, and is broad enough to capture both traditional coups and “selfcoups,” as well as the storming of the US Capitol on January 6." (p13)
 * "''This essay.... introduces the concept of coup advocacy—or efforts by civilians to promote a coup in support of a wider political cause... The lens of civilian coup advocacy highlights political conditions in which segments

of the elite advocate for coups. In this case, it is the conservative civilian elites in the Republican Party’s orbit that are the biggest threat to US democracy—not the US armed forces. Conservative coup advocates are paving the way for future coups and unrest by anointing their followers “men on horseback” (Finer 1962), or saviors of the nation that the Trump world envisions.... Civilian coup advocacy is the willing promotion of a coup d’état in support of a wider political cause. It takes a variety of forms, from public incitement, which legitimates the use of violence, to overt participation in coup attempts. Civilians including businesspersons, religious leaders, politicians, and ordinary protesters provide resources (e.g., money, office-holding, public platforms, social capital) to coup movements....Add to this the fact that United States’ conservatives fear they cannot fairly compete in electoral contests (Badger 2020). The country’s electoral machinery functions properly, but Republican electoral prospects are waning due to the party’s unpopularity (Astor 2020). Conservatives believe—rightly or wrongly—that the odds of victory are stacked against them. Backed into the corners of their minds, the Republican Party has turned to antidemocratic tactics, especially voting restrictions. This effort has long involved incitement to various forms of political violence.... If US voters will not give conservatives the keys to the White House, they will force themselves in at gunpoint.

Congressional Record
Mike Levin Jan 6 E16-17 Madam Speaker, for the first time since 1814, the United States Capitol Building was breached by an angry mob. More than 200 years ago, it was British troops. This time it was domestic terrorists, in- spired and encouraged by President Donald Trump Many Congressional Republicans are seek- ing to overturn the results of a free and fair election because they don’t like the results. They didn’t realize—or didn’t care—that their actions could result in a violent coup attempt. That’s exactly what happened today. The question now is a vital one: where does our country go from here? For many decades, we have had passionate but peaceful political disagreements—a shin- ing beacon of democracy. We Americans do not support insurrection or mob rule. In short, we are so much better than this.

Pg H 87 Stanton Madam Speaker, over the last few hours, we have seen the consequences of dangerous un-American rhetoric; an armed insurrection against the seat of government of the most powerful country on Earth; a breach of this Capitol building to attack Congress, something that has not taken place since the British occupied this building during the War of 1812; an attempted coup spurred by rhetoric coming from those who are looking out for themselves, not country. It is stunning, Madam Speaker, that there are some in this House who have voiced support for what happened. It was not a protest. It was treason. It was sedition. And it should be prosecuted as such. At its root is a disease that has infected our politics, one that will make some political leaders do anything, including lie and incite violence to hold on to power. That is what we are seeing before our very eyes. In contesting the outcome of this election, my Republican colleagues make a contradictory argument that puts party and power before country. They argue the election results were valid when it showed they won their races, but the same ballots were somehow fraudulent when it produced a result President Trump did not like. Keep the results we like, they demand, cancel the one we don't.

January 6, 2021 - Issue: Vol. 167, No. 4 — Daily Edition117th Congress (2021 - 2022) - 1st Session Sen Coons DE Pg S38 Make no mistake, the violence we witnessed in this Chamber today was the direct result of the poisonous lies that Donald Trump repeated again and again for more than 2 months. His words have consequences. Our democracy has been grievously injured by this lying coward. This effort to subvert our democracy is not merely one last Presidential tantrum. This effort is designed to knock out the basic pillar on which democracy is founded: the idea that the voters--not the sitting President and not the Members of Congress but the voters decide who will lead this Nation. A democracy in which the elected leaders do not bend to the will of the voters is no democracy. It is a totalitarian state. And those who pursue this effort are supporting a coup.

Other Media

 * Fred Wertheimer, writing in Just Security

The keys to the coup strategy were threefold: Trump’s nonstop false claims of voter fraud; having Vice President Mike Pence stop Congress from certifying Biden on Jan. 6 as president; and engaging pro-Trump state legislatures in key states where Biden won to reject the choice of the voters and help provide the presidential electors needed to elect Trump.

The coup attempt failed for several reasons, including “failures” of each of these three elements


 * Asha Rangappa, a lawyer, CNN analyst and former FBI special agent, wrote on Twitter: “Pence is not a hero. Pence is a coward. It just so happens that on Jan 6, his fear of displeasing Trump was (fortunately) outweighed by a fear of something else – either being implicated in a failed coup and/or aiding and abetting criminal activity – but he’s still a coward.”

News and Magazines

 * Foreign Policy, "Why this wasn't a coup", article by Jonathan Tepperman reporting interview of Naunihal Singh
 * Fun fact, immediately after the two-paragraph lead in italics it says The political scientist Paul Musgrave argues that Wednesday’s violent invasion of the U.S. Capitol is a coup. To read why, click here.
 * Through the interview, Dr. Singh's thesis hangs on the assumption there was no complicity between police/security/military and the mob. For him all coups involve threat of military (etc) force.
 * Interview was given before capitol was declared secure, so only scant info was available compared to July 2022.
 * Its unclear if Dr Singh knew about the bombs found just hours before the interview or the numerous weapons we learned about later
 * Its unclear if Dr Singh was assessing the capitol attack alone, or as the culmination of Trump's overall illegal effort to stay in power.
 * He would like us to say "Sedition" if that definition is met



Trump’s Next Coup Has Already Begun January 6 was practice. Donald Trump’s GOP is much better positioned to subvert the next election. By Barton Gellman Start over with this one
 * The Atlantic, Barton Gellman

Trump’s desperate attempts to remain in power after he lost the election to Joe Biden have been thrown back into the spotlight by the select committee investigating the January 6 attack on the Capitol, with visceral footage and damning testimony from his closest aides and family. The panel is methodically making the case that the attack on the US Capitol was an attempted coup and that Trump was at the centre of the conspiracy.
 * David Smith, DC Bureau Chief for The Guardian


 * Awesome, read whole thing

In a historical twist, this nearly half-century-old corrective may help frame the DOJ’s fraught decision over whether to criminally charge former President Trump for his effort to overturn the 2020 election results.
 * Reporter John Kruzel writing for The Hill

For Attorney General Merrick Garland, the dilemma involves weighing competing interests: his mission to repair the DOJ’s reputation as a nonpolitical agency directly clashes and the imperative to deter a future coup attempt, where a failure to hold Trump and his allies personally accountable risks leaving American democracy vulnerable to another attack.

Moreover, between Donald Trump’s election, the attempted coup at the US Capitol, numerous mass shootings, a Republican Party bent on voter suppression, and the rise of conspiracy cults like QAnon, there is more than enough evidence to suggest that some aspects of American political and social life have become deeply pathological.
 * Joseph E. Stiglitz monthly column for Project Syndicate

Is It Curtains for Donald Trump? Trump is about to metamorphose from the world’s most powerful human to a financially challenged pariah, a traitor who betrayed in the starkest way possible his oath of office, a coup plotter ostracized by erstwhile political allies, business partners, lenders, and media moguls.
 * Sasha Abramsky, author and journalist writing in the Nation

When you have a major party, and we only have two parties in this country, two major parties, and one of them is still unrepentant about what happened — if you study coups, you would look at that and say, "Well, okay, they may try again." Because one of the lessons of the history of coups is that failed coups are a lesson or a learning experience for the next coup. And it's very common to have a series of coups, and they can look different.
 * Ruth Ben-Ghiat is a history professor and expert on fascism at New York University.

George Ochenski, writing in the Daily Montanan
 * Author

The nation and its citizens have been assailed by lies, distortions, and outright fictions since the polls closed on Election Day 2020. We have been told the election was stolen, that ballot boxes were stuffed, that voting machines were corrupted, and that the candidate who lost by 7 million votes didn’t actually lose.

But now, as it must and always will, the truth comes out and is being revealed in all its grim details by the Jan. 6 committee that has spent the last year investigating the unprecedented storming of the nation’s Capitol in Donald Trump’s failed attempt to bring a third-world coup to American democracy.

...Trump disguised what he was doing by operating in plain sight, talking openly about his intent. He normalized his actions so people would accept them. I’ve been studying authoritarian regimes for three decades, and I know the signs of a coup when I see them.
 * Fiona Hill writing for Politico

Technically, what Trump attempted is what’s known as a “self-coup”....

The storming of the Capitol building on January 6 was the culmination of a series of actions and events taken or instigated by Trump so he could retain the presidency that together amount to an attempt at a self-coup. This was not a one-off or brief episode. Trump declared “election fraud” immediately on November 4 even while the votes were still being counted. He sought to recount and rerun the election so that he, not Joe Biden, was the winner. In Turkey, in 2015, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan successfully did the same thing....

There’s a standard coup “checklist” analysts use to evaluate coups, and we can use it to assess Trump’s moves to prevent the peaceful transfer of executive power. To successfully usurp or hold power, you need to control the military and paramilitary units, communications, the judiciary, government institutions, and the legislature; and mobilize popular support.....

Interviews

 * History professor Timothy D. Snyder told Business Insider, described January 6 as a "failed coup" and "practice for a successful coup", and expressed fear that steps are legal steps are now being taken to to enable . He also said the lessons learned are being applied for a future Trump attempt to be "installed" as president, leading to unprecedented violence.

I mean, he’s certainly aware, as Attorney General (Barr), of what happened to the Attorney General during Watergate. John Mitchell went to jail. There’s peril there to lie about the constitutionality of what they were trying to do. He knew, legally, just as a former Judge Luttig knew, that the quackery that John Eastman was pushing was illegal. This was a coup attempt. This was not something that was based in either history or in law. It was a power grab. If he were to go along with it—Barr—he could be in peril. So, he got out of there.
 * Jane Mayer with Evan Osnos The New Yorker

...(Eastman) does represent a segment of conservative legal thinking that is out on the far-right fringe. He was a clerk for Clarence Thomas; he has been attached to the Claremont Institute, which is a right-wing think tank out in California. His brand of fringe constitutionalism is something that has been growing in the country. It’s giving cover to some very extreme ideas. In this case, it was giving cover to a coup attempt.

Honestly, this is a stunning set of hearings, I think as stunning as any I’ve ever seen. This is a near coup that took place. I think they’ll take away that the President of the United States whipped up a mob that could very well have killed the Vice President. It doesn’t get more dramatic than that, and scarier than that. As someone who’s been writing about the conservative movement for a long time, I think one of the takeaways is that a figure like Michael Luttig, who really is as big a superstar as there is in the conservative legal movement, would stand there and say that there is still a clear and present danger from Trump and his allies. That is just chilling and amazing, if you know who he is.

...They’re going to talk about this incredible Oval Office meeting on the Sunday before January 6th, in which the coup plotter inside the Justice Department, a guy named Jeffrey Clark, who was an environmental lawyer, basically has been brought together with Donald Trump by an obscure Freedom Caucus congressman from Pennsylvania. They confront each other there, and basically the entire leadership of the Justice Department linked hands. They said, We will all resign. Every single one of us. Not just ten senior officials here in Washington, but potentially dozens of U.S. Attorneys around the country. If you do this, you will break the Justice Department. And Trump came right up to the abyss in this meeting and realized that he couldn’t do it.
 * Susan B. Glasser (Id, see Jane Mayer above)

Books

 * Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries, professor of Leadership development, in "Why do societies regress?"

High on this depressing hit parade is US ex-president Donald Trump, who tried his hardest to transform the US into a kind of banana republic, inspiring many other authoritarian regimes in the process. A country whose values once made it a role model for other countries now has a lot of ground to make up. Many nations that once looked up to the US, struggle to account for his popularity, given his undemocratic practices, including an attempt to incite his followers to engage in a coup. (p119-120)

Groupthink is most likely to occur when groups feel threatened, either physically or in terms of their identity, or when a highly persuasive leader encourages members of the group to agree with his or her opinion. These are typically leaders who create a psychotic, alternative reality driven by anxiety and social media, which have proven highly effective in creating a virtual fantasy world. Unsurprisingly, extreme forms of groupthink and mass psychogenic illness are closely intertwined. For example, the attempted coup at the US Capitol in January 2021 has been a recent example of how groupthink can contribute to the creation of a psychotic situation that escalated into a form of mass hysteria. It has illustrated how easily a collective state of mind can be created, and how easily large groups of people can be convinced of something that has no basis in evidence or logic. It’s extremely frightening that tens of millions of people still believe former President Trump’s “truth” that Joe Biden lost the election and became president through fraud. It indicates what a mega disinformation center like Trump can accomplish. It demonstrates clearly how mass hysteria will trump evidence. In fact, rather than raising our eyebrows or being amused by it, we should regard the dancing plague of the Middle Ages as a warning against the harmful effects of social contagion, especially as, in our day-and-age, the danger of social contagion has been magnified immeasurably by the reach of the Internet and social media. The lack of critical reasoning, fed by obsessive news coverage (fake or otherwise), and enabled by demagogue-like leaders, has created very fertile conditions for groupthink. It has led to the formation of global groups that share delusional thoughts on a scale seldom witnessed in human history. (p125-126)


 * Citizenship after Trump

Among the most dangerous features of American Exceptionalism is the intellectually crippling idea that “it can’t happen here.” According to this constitutive myth, coup d’états are for Third World, tin- pot regimes or for the sepia- toned newsreel days of European politics before fascism was smashed by the Western Allies in the Second World War. Such has been the prevailing political ethos that has animated so much of American political discourse for over 75 years. But Trump’s approach to ruling posed serious questions for the once- prevailing liberal consensus on what makes the American political experience unique. His last- ditch, post- election tinkering with government agencies to stack the deck in his favor was, at the very least, an outgrowth and continuation of his governing style and persona. It is also consistent with the gradual consolidation of state authority that to varying degrees has subtly, if persistently, lain at the core of American presidential politics since the Nixon era. (p119)

That is how mobsters operate. They demand loyalty. They are incapable of empathy, mutuality, respect or reciprocity. The moment it comes to saving themselves they will sell out, destroy and often even kill those who have been closest to them. What ensued was nothing like Giuliani at Four Seasons Landscaping. As historian Timothy Snyder tweeted out a week later, “The more we learn, the less this looks like a coup bound to fail, and the more it looks like plain luck that all of our legislators and our vice- president were not murdered.” (p127)


 * Criminology on Trump*

Gregg Barak is an Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice

failed coup orchestrated by the former Commander-in-Chief and by his mouthpieces in Congress and elsewhere to overturn the legitimate election of President Biden as the 46th president is inclusive of criminal felonies and high crimes and misdemeanors enumerated by the U.S. Constitution. (p176)

By reliably excusing Trump’s abuses of power while in office and by giving the former president continual free passes on his routinization of illegal misbehavior and corruption, these Republican loyalists had all be-come enablers, and some were even accomplices serving to reinforce and to up the ante on future depraved behavior like the failed coup on January 6. (p178)

Trump’s multiple attempts to steal back the White House from the president-elect in the late 2020 as well as his failed coup or insurrection at the beginning of 2021 are the most shameful and politically corrupt behavior of a president in the history of the United States. {p237)

When the House Select Committee releases its final report on the insurrection, hopefully before the 2022-midterm elections and well ahead of the 2024 presidential election, though not a court of law, and most likely with-out the testimony of the key players, including the former vice- president and president as well as their subordinate political and legal associates, will prove beyond a reasonable shadow of a doubt that the Donald was “guilty” of both inciting (e.g. a “crime of commission”) and not curtailing (e.g. a “crime of omission”) the violent assault and coup attempt on the Capitol. (p256)

Despite all the harm and damage that Donald Trump had racked up during his four years of anarchistic governance, including his thunderous parting shots as the Commander-in-Chief of a failed coup and insurrection, Trump’s political appeal does not appear to have faded since the 2020 election. Polling from October 2021 suggested that one-third of Republicans would like to see another Republican running against the Democratic candidate in 2024. In other words, the remaining majority of Trumpists all seem to be still smoking the same poppycock the Donald has always been peddling. However, we do not really know and neither does Donald what his or the Trumpian party’s political fate or value will be in the future, especially should Trump be on trial defending himself for a myriad of criminal offenses before or after the 2022 elections. (p273)

Other sources

 * Cline Research Center ,