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To add to introduction:

“Annona reticulata is a small deciduous or semi-evergreen tree in the plant family Annonaceae” and part of the Annonas group1.

Climate

A tropical climate is needed for the tree to grow in optimal conditions, but nowadays it is also spread in the subtropical regions. Humid conditions (medium to high rainfall) are required for the Annona Reticulata1, but compared to the other Annonas, it tolerates drier conditions3. The annual temperature necessary averaged between 17 and 27°C.

Cultivation

The propagation works well by seeds1,2,3. Grafting and budding3 (Forkert Method, T-silt, patch-budding) are also other techniques used for the cultivation of the Annona Reticulata1,3. undefinedThe tree produces 45 kg of fruits per year3. In Asia, the season is from July to September, as in the Caribbean it runs from February to April3.

Uses

The custard apple can be eaten raw, out of hand as a fresh fruit. It can also be prepared as juices, ice-cream, puddings, … 1. An Australian project on the custard apple, wants to promote it as a health product3. They processed it into purees. In India, it is cooked into a sauce4.

Other Uses

The leaves and the branches can be used for tanning as they contain blue pigments1,2 .Wrappers, ornaments and hats can be made from the inner bark. The wood is soft and can be used to make utensiles1, even though, it is weak and of bad quality3.

Nutritional Values

The custard apple is a good source of vitamin C5. It is a high calorie fruit (between 75 and 100 cal/100gr) compared to an average “European” apple (50cal/100gr).

Prosepcts (do we want to include that as well?)

Home garden plant, even though not as popular as the sugar apple.

Value as rootstock for superior Annona species such as sugar apple, especially under humid conditions

Genetic resource for hybridization

Risk and Impact

The Annona Reticulata is known to be an invasive plant6. It might also impact negatively the population cultivating the crop as all parts of the tree (except the fruit) are toxic6.

Diseases and Pests

The diseases that can spread to the Annona Reticulata include the Anthracnose, the leaf spot, the diplodia rot and the black canker. The spiral nematode, the stunt nematode and the mealybug can also infect the plant.

1.       Subhadrabandhu, S. (2001). Under-utilized tropical fruits of Thailand.

2. https://industry.custardapple.com.au/Info-Pages/custard-apple-the-new-super-fruit-of-the-21st-century/3.0-Research-Into-The-Health-Benefits-Of-Custard-Apple.html

3.       National Research Council. (1989). Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. National Academies Press.

4.   	 https://www.plantes-botanique.org/espece_annona_reticulata

5.       Martin, F. W., Campbell, C. W., & Ruberté, R. M. (1987). Perennial edible fruits of the tropics: an inventory (No. 642). US Department of Agriculture.

6.        https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/5816

7.   http://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/integrated-pest-managment/ipm-for-fruit-crops/ipm-strategies-for-custard-apple/custard-apple-diseases-and-symptoms

Potential medicinal values

From the beginning of times, plant derived products have been an important source of medicines. The Annona reticulata is a tree with a great variety of purposes. Besides it’s edible fruits, other parts of the plant can be used for potential medicinal applications.

Traditional  usage of the plant includes the treatment of various illnesses like diarrhoea1, dysentery, epilepsy, bacterial and worm infections, ulcer and fever2. Extracts of the leaves, stem bark, roots and seeds could be used in development of novel drugs. The plant is rich of phytochemicals (wiki link?) like steroids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenols and glycosides. Various studies have shown that the chemical constituents from the Annona reticulata have pharmacological activities and could be of use in medicinal products to treat various disease3.

Leaves

The biological potential of the phytoconstituents isolated from the leaves can be of means in various ailments. Significant fever reducing, antipyretic, activity compared to paracetamol has been reported4. Moreover antiparasitic action was shown when dried leaves were powdered and compounds were extracted5. Other possible applications of Annona reticulata leave compounds include antihyperglycemic6, antiulcer7 and strong antinociceptive8 (pain killing) functionalities. Antihyperglycemic phytochemicals are very interesting in a society with increasing numbers of diabetic patients9.

Bark

Extracts from the bark of the Annona reticulata have shown to exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory and Central Nervous System depressant activity10,11. The potential of the components from Annona bark to relieve pain perception could be of interest in developing new painkillers.

Root

Research done with regards to root extracts from the Annona reticulata have shown antiproliferative and anticancer properties. Clinical application of components from the roots can possibly be applied in cancer therapy to replace current synthetic drug treatment. This way, side-effects like hair loss, cell injury, bone marrow depression and cell injury could possibly be avoided. Investigation of the bioactivity of the constituents revealed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against different cancer cell lines12,13.

Antimicrobial activities of root extract can be a source to serve as new therapeutic agents in fighting pathogenic microbials. In addition to this, antioxidant properties can be beneficial for the health by stabilizing reactive oxygen species which are the result of a stress response by tissue cells14.

Seeds

The seeds of the Annona reticulata tree could be functional in wound healing processes. The anti-marking activity of ethanolic seed extract combined with honey, ghee and neem oil has been studied and this suggested that the combination could be evenly effective as a standard drug formulation15.

The Annona reticulata has shown to be rich of potential medicinal applications.

References:

1.    	Heinrich, M., Rimpler, H. & Barrera, N. A. Indigenous phytotherapy of gastrointestinal disorders in a lowland Mixe community (Oaxaca, Mexico): Ethnopharmacologic evaluation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 36, 63–80 (1992).

2.    	Zaman, K. & Pathak, K. Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies on the Leaf and Stem Bark of Annona reticulata Linn. ''J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.'' 1, (2013).

3.    	Jamkhande, P. G. & Wattamwar, A. S. Annona reticulata Linn. (Bullock’s heart): Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 5, 144–152 (2015).

4.    	Patil SB*, Chavan GM, Ghodke DS, Naikwade Nilofar S, M. C. Screening of Some Indigenous Plants for Their Antipyretic Activity. ''Res. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacodyn.'' 1, 143–144 (2009).

5.    	Nirmal, S. A. et al. Anthelmintic activity of Annona reticulata leaves. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 1, 115–118 (2010).

6.    	Mizanur Rahman, S. et al. Antihyperglycemic Studies with Methanol Extract of Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) and Carissa carandas L. (Apocynaceae) Leaves in Swiss Albino Mice. ''Adv. Nat. Appl. Sci.'' 5, 218–222 (2011).

7.    	Article, R., Singh, J., Kumar Vr, S. & Kadam, V. ANTIULCER ACTIVITY OF ANNONA RETICULATE LEAVES EXTRACT IN RATS.

8.    	Islam, M. R. et al. Antinociceptive activity studies with methanol extract of Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) and Carissa carandas L. (Apocynaceae) leaves in Swiss albino mice. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 6, (2012).

9.    	Firdous, S. M. Phytochemicals for treatment of diabetes. EXCLI Journal 13, 451–453 (2014).

10.  	Bhalke, R. D. & Chavan, M. J. Analgesic and CNS depressant activities of extracts of Annona reticulata Linn. bark. Phytopharmacology 1, 160–165 (2011).

11.  	Chavan, M. J., Wakte, P. S. & Shinde, D. B. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the sesquiterpene fraction from Annona reticulata L. bark. ''Nat. Prod. Res.'' 26, 1515–1518 (2012).

12.  	Suresh, H. M. et al. In vitro antiproliferative activity of Annona reticulata roots on human cancer cell lines. Pharmacognosy Res. 3, 9–12 (2011).

13.  	Swamy, S., Suresh, H. M., Shivakumar, B. & Shivakumar, S. I. Phytochemical Potential of Annona reticulata Roots for Antiproliferative Activity on Human Cancer Cell Lines. Adv. Life Sci. 2012, 1–4 (2012).

14.  	Jamkhande, P. G., Wattamwar, A. S., Pekamwar, S. S. & Chandak, P. G. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and in silico PASS prediction of Annona reticulata Linn. root extract. ''Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci.'' 3, 140–148 (2014).

15.  	Royal, G. Formulation and evaluation of herbal ointment for wound healing and anti marking activity by using Vitis venifera and Annona reticulata seeds extracts. Pharmatutor Art. 1349 (2012). Available at: https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/formulation-evaluation-herbal-ointment-wound-healing-antimarking-activity-vitis-venifera-annonareticulata-seeds-extract. (Accessed: 27th October 2019)