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In the US presidential election of 1916, Paul and the National Women's Party (NWP) campaigned in western states where women could already vote against the continuing refusal of President Woodrow Wilson and other incumbent Democrats to actively support the Suffrage Amendment. Paul went to Mabel Vernon to help her organize a picketing campaign. In January 1917, the NWP staged the first political protest and picketing at the White House. Picketing had been legalized by the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act, so the women were not doing anything illegal. The pickets, participating in a nonviolent civil disobedience campaign known as the "Silent Sentinels," held banners demanding the right to vote. Paul knew the only way they could accomplish their goal was by displaying the President’s attitude toward suffrage, and picketing would achieve this in the best manner. Each day Paul would issue “General Orders,” selecting women to be in charge and who would speak for the day. She was the “Commandant” and Mabel Vernon was the “Officer of the Day”. In order to get voluteeners for the pickets, Paul created state days, such as Pennsylvania Day, Maryland Day, and Virginia Day, and she created special days for professional women, such as doctors, nurses, and lawyers.

After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, many people viewed the picketing Silent Sentinels as disloyal. Alice made sure the picketing would continue. In June 1917, picketers were arrested on charges of "obstructing traffic." Over the next six months, many, including Alice, were convicted and incarcerated at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia (which later became the Lorton Correctional Complex) and the District of Columbia Jail.[1]

When the public heard the news of the first arrests some were surprised that leading suffragists and very well-connected women were going to prison for peacefully protesting. President Wilson received bad publicity from this event, and was livid with the position he was forced into. He quickly pardoned the first women arrested on July 19, two days after they had been sentenced, but reporting on the arrests and abuses continued. The Boston Journal, for example, stated, "The little band representing the NWP has been abused and bruised by government clerks, soldiers and sailors until its efforts to attract the President's attention has sunk into the conscience of the whole nation."[2]

Suffragists continued picketing outside the White House after the Wilson pardon, and throughout World War I. Their banners contained such slogans as "Mr. President, How Long Must Women Wait For Liberty?"[3] and “We Shall Fight For The Things Which We Have Always Held Nearest Our Hearts-For Democracy, For The Right Of Those Who Submit To Authority To Have A Voice In Their Own Governments.” With the hope of embarrassing Wilson, some of the banners contained his quotes. Wilson ignored these women, but his daughter Margaret,waved in acknowledgement. Although the suffragists protested peacefully, their protests were sometimes violently opposed. While protesting, young men would harass and beat the women, with the police never intervening on behalf of the protesters. Police would even arrest other men who tried to help the women who were getting beaten. Even though they were protesting during wartime, they maintained public support by agitating peacefully. Throughout this time, more protesters were arrested and sent to Occoquan or the District Jail. Pardons were no longer offered.[2]

References[edit]

 * 1) ^ Baker, Jean H., "Placards At The White House," American Heritage, Winter 2010, Volume 59, Issue 4.
 * 2) ^ "Alice Paul". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
 * 3) ^ Kahn, Eve M. "Group Seeks to Buy a Suffragist's Home", The New York Times, July 13, 1989. Accessed July 12, 2008. "The Alice Paul Centennial Foundation plans to buy the house in Mount Laurel, but first the organization must raise $500,000 by Sept. 8.... The 2½-story, stucco-clad brick farmhouse was built in 1840 and once overlooked the Paul family's 173-acre Burlington County farm, east of Camden. Miss Paul was born in an upstairs bedroom in 1885 and lived in the house until she left for Swarthmore College in 1901."
 * 4) ^ a b c d "Who Was Alice Paul". Alice Paul Institute. Archived from the original on September 9, 2014.
 * 5) ^ a b  "Paul, Alice Stokes". Social Welfare History Project.
 * 6) ^ Alice Paul in oral history compiled by Amelia Fry, Online Archive of California, quoted in Adams & Keene (2008), p. 7.
 * 7) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Adams, Katherine; Keene, Michael (2008). Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07471-4.
 * 8) ^ Adams & Keene (2008), pp. 12–14
 * 9) ^ "Honoring Alice Paul". Washington College of Law. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
 * 10) ^ a b c d "Alice Paul Biography". Lakewood Public Library: Women in History. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
 * 11) ^ Fotheringham, Ann. "Thanks for the Memories: Glasgow's Votes for Women celebration at Mitchell". Evening Times. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
 * 12) ^ a b c d e f g h Dodd, Lynda G. (2008). "Parades, pickets, and prison: Alice Paul and the virtues of unruly constitutional citizenship". Journal of Law & Politics. 24 (4): 339–443. SSRN 2226351.
 * 13) ^ a b c d e Lunardini, Christine (2012). Alice Paul: Equality for Women. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813347615.
 * 14) ^ Jump up to:a b Zahniser & Fry (2014), pp. 178–231.
 * 15) ^ Bernikow, Louise (October 30, 2004). "Night of Terror Leads to Women's Vote in 1917". Women's eNews.
 * 16) ^ "Who Was Alice Paul?". Alice Paul Institute. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
 * 17) ^ Zahniser & Fry (2014), pp. 279–281.
 * 18) ^ "Miss Alice Paul on Hunger Strike", The New York Times, November 7, 1917. Accessed June 25, 2012.
 * 19) ^ Gallagher, Robert S., "I Was Arrested, Of Course…", American Heritage, February 1974, Volume 25, Issue 2. Interview of Alice Paul.
 * 20) ^ Scharf, Lois (1983). Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, 1920–1940. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 223. ISBN 0313226946.
 * 21) ^ Freeman, Jo (March 1991). "How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy". Law and Inequality. 9 (2): 163–184.
 * 22) ^ Zahniser & Fry (2014).
 * 23) ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 36467-36468). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition
 * 24) ^ "Alice Paul". National Women's Hall of Fame.
 * 25) ^ Macaulay, Susan. "Alice Paul (Suffragette/Political Activist)". amazingwomenrock.com. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
 * 26) ^ "78-Cent Paul". Arago: People, Postage & The Post. 6 July 1995. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
 * 27) ^ "Iron Jawed Angels, a Film About Suffragist Alice Paul - Women's Suffrage and the Media". Women's Suffrage and the Media. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
 * 28) ^ "Alice Paul inducted into NJ hall of fame alongside historic nemesis Woodrow Wilson". NJ.com. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
 * 29) ^ see Pub.L. 109–145, 119 Stat. 2664, enacted December 22, 2005)
 * 30) ^ Alice Paul is explicitly specified in 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II)
 * 31) ^ "Alice Paul". Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
 * 32) ^ Hirschfeld, Julie (April 12, 2016). "House With Long Activist History Is Now Monument to Equality". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
 * 33) ^ Eilperin, Juliet (April 12, 2016). "A new memorial to tell 'the story of a century of courageous activism by American women'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
 * 34) ^ Hefler, Jan (April 14, 2016). "White House honors Alice Paul's Washington headquarters". Philly.com.
 * 35) ^ "Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman, Lays Out Plans for New $20, $10 and $5". Dept. of the Treasury. April 20, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
 * 36) ^ Aarniokoski, Douglas (2018-04-29), Mrs. Sherlock Holmes, Abigail Spencer, Matt Lanter, Malcolm Barrett, retrieved 2018-05-01
 * 37) ^ Kaufman, Rachel. "An Elementary Lesson in Women's Suffrage: 'Timeless' Season 2, Episode 7, Recapped". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2018-05-01.