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lncRNA in cancer
lncRNA also appear to play a large part in regulating tumor-suppressor proteins such as p53. As a result, the misregulation of lncRNA has been linked to cancer. For instance, the lncRNA HULC is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of HULC downregulating p18. Similarly, lncRNA H19 partially inactivates the p53 gene in gastric cancer cells, promoting carcinogenesis. MALAT1, though heavily expressed in healthy cells as a regulatory element, is also linked to lung, gastric, and breast cancer. It is the misregulation of MALAT1 that promotes tumor formation. The link between lncRNA and cancer, however, is not always direct. For instance, LOC554202 is host to an miRNA that regulates many genes linked to p53.

As a result, recent research has focused on using lncRNA in cancer therapy. Diagnostic techniques have been proposed. lncRNA expression patterns are unique in every cancer cell. lncRNA expression is also cheaply measured via PCR or urine sampling. For example, lncRNA expression levels can be used to distinguish between astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, which are otherwise hard to differentiate based on cell anatomy alone.

Regulation of lncRNA expression has also been researched as a potential new cancer therapy. In cells where lncRNA is upregulated, silencing RNA is used to knockout lncRNA expression. CREB siRNA, for instance, can reduce levels of HULC in liver cells. Researchers found that knockdown of HULC led to reduced proliferation of HCC cells. Similarly, MALAT1 can be downregulated via siM1 and siM2, with the modified cells showing slower growth and higher sensitivity to apoptosis factors. Aberrant lncRNA expression can also be repaired in cells where lncRNA is downregulated, though this required different methods. An example of this is MEG3, which Is downregulated in glioma cells through through treatment with the p53 antibody or by transfection with the p53 plasmid and MEG3. Cells with downregulated MEG3 show tumor suppression.