User:Ngwinn/Neuromodulation

Neuromodulation also refers to an emerging class of medical therapies that target the nervous system for restoration of function (such as in cochlear implants), relief of pain, or control of symptoms, such as tremors seen in movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. The therapies consist primarily of targeted electrical stimulation or infusion of medications into the cerebrospinal fluid using intrathecal drug delivery, such as baclofen for spasticity. Electrical stimulation devices include deep brain stimulation systems (DBS), colloquially referred to as "brain pacemakers", spinal cord stimulators (SCS) and vagus nerve stimulators (VNS), which are implanted using minimally invasive procedures, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and scrambler therapy devices, which are fully external, among others.

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When discussing neuromodulation, there are two forms of non-invasive stimulation when treating migraines. One is electrical stimulation, and some of the characterizations include transcranial alternating stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. The other is magnetic stimulation, which includes single pulse and repetitive transcranial stimulation.

GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has an inhibitory effect on brain and spinal cord activity.

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GABA is an amino acid that is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter for the central nervous system (CNS). It reduces neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission. GABA has a multitude of different functions during development and influences the migration, proliferation, and proper morphological development of neurons. It also influences the timing of critical periods and potentially primes the earliest neuronal networks. There are two main types of GABA receptors: GABAa and GABAb. GABAa receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release and/or neuronal excitability and are a ligand-gated chloride channel. GABAb receptors are slower to react due to a GCPR that acts to inhibit neurons. GABA can be the culprit for many disorders ranging from schizophrenia to major depressive disorder because of its inhibitory characteristics being dampened.

GABA

"See also" section edits

Symptom Validity Assessment definition- an examinee's validity is tested by examining their truthfulness and accuracy about a specific behavioral presentation, self-reports, and neuropsychological performance.

Performance Validity Testing definition- an examiner's way of measuring the overall efficacy of an evaluation method.