User:Nianzu/Фауна Казахстана

In the modern fauna of Kazakhstan there are 180 species of mammals, 500 species of birds, 52 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians, more than 100 species of fish. More than 50 thousand species of invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, mollusks, worms). More than 30,000 species of insects alone have been recorded.

Forest-steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan
In the forest-Steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan there are elk, ROE deer, white hare, vole, water rat, forest mouse, black grouse, white partridge. On lakes with nesting waterfowl, Swan, goose, duck, gull, coot, etc. In the forb-grass and feather grass-fescue steppes inhabited by marmot-bobac, steppe lemming, field vole, common vole, steppe Mysovka, gophers. Birds — bustard, little bustard, Curlew, sociable lapwing, steppe circosta, lark, steppe eagle, steppe and meadow Harriers. From spring to autumn in these steppes graze herds of saiga, going for the winter in desert areas.

Southern Kazakhstan
In 1943, the last (documented) Central Asian tiger was killed.

West kazakhstan
In Western Kazakhstan, located in the Ustyurt national nature reserve. In the Ustyurt reserve — Ustyurt mouflon, Cheetah, saiga, Gazelle, Jackal, Fox, long-headed hedgehog, ferret-dressing and others. In the reserve there are 163 species of birds such as Golden eagles, steppe eagle, short-toed eagle, Buzzard, peregrine Falcon, Saker Falcon, eagle owl, black-bellied Sandgrouse, flamingos, Imperial eagle, common crane, spoonbill, gull, little egret, saja.

Zailiysky Alatau and foothills
The fauna of invertebrates is not yet fully understood. However, to date, more than 2,000 species from 8 classes are already known.

The composition of some groups of insect class was partially revealed. So, from the order of Coleoptera was studied 252 species of ground beetles, 180 — Rove, 102 — beetles; of the order Lepidoptera, or butterflies of 145 species of butterflies; from the order Hymenoptera — 110 species of bee, 97 — digger wasps, 33 — ants and 30 riders. From all this diversity only 24 species included in the Red book of Kazakhstan, among which 3 species of molluscs (bradybaena sinistrorse, pseudonymous Shnitkova and turbomilk Tsvetkova). The rest belong to the class of insects: bulavobryukh noticeable, beauty girl (dragonfly squad), Bolivia short wing (mantis), steppe rack, Krasotel Semenova, yolk Ershov, femromilius, patrician.

Vertebrate fauna is represented by 245 species. In mountain rivers and streams there are 8 species of fish: naked and scaly Ottomans, Marinka, minnow, and in the river Turgen — acclimatized rainbow trout.

Amphibians 4 species, two of which (datisca and Central Asian toad frog) is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan.

Of the eight species of reptiles are common lizards (Alai gologlaz and colorful lizard), as well as snakes — ordinary and water snakes, colorful and patterned vines. More rare poisonous snakes are the steppe Viper, Copperhead, Central Asian Viper, serpent arrow.

The diversity of natural conditions determines the species richness of birds. A total of 178 species were recorded in the national Park. By the nature of their stay they are divided into three groups: nesting — 105 species arriving for the winter — 18, flying — 55 species. The Red book includes 11 species (black stork, eagle, dwarf eagle, Himalayan Griffon, Falcon, IBIS bill, owl, bustard beauty, Balaban — of-flight; the peregrine Falcon, and a large lentil — wintering).

Mammals are 47 species. Among the typical mountain include: Tian Shan burozubka, white-toothed rock, red pika, gray marmot, Tian Shan mouse, silver vole, stone marten, snow leopard, mountain goat, argali, Gazelle, saiga.

Along with the typical mountains in the Park there are species peculiar to other ecosystems: wolf, Fox, hedgehog, squirrel, Chipmunk, Sonya, Central Asian turtle, bear, ROE deer, maral, wild boar, hare tolai, etc. the Group of red book consists of 7 species: brown Tian Shan bear, snow leopard, stone marten, weasel, ermine, Central Asian river otter, manul, Turkestan lynx.

History of the study of the fauna of Kazakhstan
The first descriptions of the fauna of Kazakhstan date back to the middle Ages and are found in the travel notes of Byzantine, Western European and Arab ambassadors, as well as in the "Dictionary of Turkic dialects" by Mahmud Kashgari.

The works of Russian geographers and travelers of the XVIII—XIX centuries. (P. S. Pallas, I. I. Lepekhin, P. I. Rychkov, and I. G. Gmelin, K. E. von Baer, G. S. Karelin, E. A. Eversmann, M. N. Bogdanov, N. A. Severtsov, A. M. Nikol'sky, etc.) also contain extensive information about the fauna and zoogeography of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, description of many new species of animals, birds and fish (e.g., Pallas described 41 species of birds and mammals, Eversman — 8 birds). In the XIX century the first system works about animals of Kazakhstan were published: "Vertical and horizontal distribution of Turkestan animals" (Severtsov, 1873), "About fauna of vertebrate animals of a bottom of the Balkash hollow" (Nikolsky, 1887). At the beginning of the XX century L. S. Berg conducted an extensive study of the ichthyofauna of the Aral sea and lake Balkhash. The results of the scientist's research later entered the three-volume edition of "freshwater Fish of the USSR and neighboring countries" (1948-1949), for which in 1951 he was posthumously awarded the Stalin prize.

After the formation of the USSR a significant contribution to the development of Zoology in the Kazakh ASSR had made scientists of the Institute of Zoology of the USSR (now Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Moscow University and other higher education institutions: K. I. Skryabin, D. N. Kashkarov, A. L. Brodsky, B. S. Vinogradov, V. A. Selevin, etc.) Later in the Soviet Union will be published a monograph on Kazakhstan: "the Mammals of Semirechie" (1936) and "Birds of Semirechie" (1949) (NR. Shnitnikov); "the Fauna of fish parasites of the Aral sea" (1934) and "Parasites of fishes of the Caspian sea" (1938) (E. N. Pavlovsky, V. A. Dogel, B. E. Bykhovsky, etc.).

In 1924, the plant protection station (now the Kazakh research Institute for plant protection and quarantine) was opened in Alma-ATA. At the anti-plague station created in 1929 (now the Kazakh scientific center of quarantine and zoonotic infections named after M. aikimbayev), the development of measures to combat rodents — pests of agricultural crops was started. Systematic studies of wild animals started with the organization of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1932 (now the national Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan) and the Zoology sector in its composition. In 1943, the Institute of Zoology was founded on the basis of the sector. Scientists-zoologists of Kazakhstan published fundamental works: "Reptiles of Kazakhstan" (1956), "Birds of Kazakhstan" (5 TT., 1960-1974), "Mammals of Kazakhstan" (4 TT., 1969-1985), "Fish of Kazakhstan" (5 TT., 1986-1992), "Red book of Kazakhstan" (1996), etc.

Literature

 * Zoology / / Kazakhstan. National encyclopedia. - M.: Science, 1978. — Vol. II. — M.: publishing house of KSU them.S. D. Asfendiyarova, 2010.

When writing this article, the material from the publication "Kazakhstan. National encyclopedia" (1998-2007), provided by the editors of "Kazakh encyclopedias" under the license Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 Unported.