User:NicBella/sandbox

= Article Evaluation = I looked at Carl Jung's Wikipedia page. I did not find anything superfluous in the article. The most suspect entry in terms of not being related would be the section titled: video games. The article was neutral overall as the rating later indicated. The section on Jung's experimentation in alchemy was not very comprehensive and could be added to. The links were live on the four citations I checked. There were 128 different sources cited. Talk page was most recently people dealing with a '' bot" incorrectly labeling URL's as dead. The article was rated B class and Level 4 importance and of interests to to following Wiki projects: Biography, Science and Academia, Psychology, Philosophy, Medicine, Switzerland, Region, and New Religious movements. We haven't discussed Jung much in class but in any psychology discussion I feel his influence.

I selected the Cargo Cult article. It has alot of room for improvement a few active editors so i am excited to get to work on it. i think it needs some of the iconic cargo cult plane pictures added along with active links to Fenyman's biography and other articles connected to this topic that are wiki articles. it also could really use some concrete examples of Cargo cult sciences... there are none mentioned in the article! i understand the gravity of openly calling any person practice pseudo-scientific, but i will do my best to back my claims with string unbiased evidence. The 'Talk' page indicated there were quite a few people interested and charged up about the topic and they presented some good ideas but haven't followed through on all of them...this should aid in improving the article especially if they see my activity on the article and start editing it again :)

Cargo cult science is a term that describes  term coined by physicist Richard Feynman during his 1974 commencement address at the California Institute of Technology.

Cargo cult science.
"But it would he just about as difficult to explain to the South Sea Islanders how they have to arrange things so that they get some wealth in their system.  It is not something simple like telling them how to improve the shapes of the earphones.  But there is one feature I notice that is generally missing in Cargo Cult Science.  That is the idea that we all hope you have learned in studying science in school—we never explicitly say what this is, but just hope that you catch on by all the examples of scientific investigation.  It is interesting, therefore, to bring it out now and speak of it explicitly.  It’s a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty—a kind of leaning over backwards. For example, if you’re doing an experiment, you should report everything that you think might make it invalid—not only what you think is right about it: other causes that could possibly explain your results; and things you thought of that you’ve eliminated by some other experiment, and how they worked—to make sure the other fellow can tell they have been eliminated."

"In summary, the idea is to try to give all of the information to help others to judge the value of your contribution; not just the information that leads to judgment in one particular direction or another."

"The easiest way to explain this idea is to contrast it, for example, with advertising.  Last night I heard that Wesson Oil doesn’t soak through food.  Well, that’s true.  It’s not dishonest; but the thing I’m talking about is not just a matter of not being dishonest, it’s a matter of scientific integrity, which is another level.  The fact that should be added to that advertising statement is that no oils soak through food, if operated at a certain temperature.  If operated at another temperature, they all will—including Wesson Oil.  So it’s the implication which has been conveyed, not the fact, which is true, and the difference is what we have to deal with."

Feynman uses the concrete case of a Wesson Oil advertisement as an example of an unethical and deceptive use of science that delivers nothing of value. The advertisement made the claim that Wesson oil would not soak through food. In reality no oil soaks though food if it is cold enough, and all oil will soak through food if hot enough. But, since these facts would not advance Wesson oils agenda for profit, these they unethically not made readily available for consumers.

Article Draft:
Source #1:Great Reading in Clinical psych. (Feynman's speech itself)

In his commencement address Richard Feynman illustrated his belief that that antidote to Cargo cult & Pseudo sciences is scientific integrity. He describes this integrity as, "a kind of leaning over backwards." The point being is that an ethical scientist must go out of their way to make both their methods and results transparent.This transparency allows other people to more accurately appraise and understand a scientists research, rather than being tricked into believing whatever the scientist set out to prove.Feynman uses the concrete case of a Wesson Oil advertisement as an example of an unethical and deceptive use of science that delivers nothing of value. The advertisement made the claim that Wesson oil would not soak through food. In reality no oil soaks though food if it is cold enough, and all oil will soak through food if hot enough. But, since these facts would not advance Wesson oils agenda for profit, these facts not made readily available for consumers.

Source #2: Interpreting bio medicine: Chapter 8 – What Can Be Done: A Utopia, --Ülo Maiväli

Ülo Maiväli presents some possible solutions to prevalence of cargo cult science. These proposed antidotes include: the integration or the making whole or of science, a more philosophical approach to science, values of common ownership, egalitarianism and disinterestedness, and a system that distances scientists from economical temptation and scarcity. This system would reduce the amount of graduate studies and students to reduce funding pressures ideally giving researchers the finical support to be honest. Maiväli postulates that honesty is more important that methodology and is the most effective antidote to cargo cult science.

Source #3: Information systems: a “cargo cult” science?

IS, information systems and the fields of information and computer science have been targeted a potential cargo cult sciences on the basis of their incremental progress ,their not being grounded in the traditional philosophy of science and a lack of theoretical formality.

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Second Article to add to: Critical thinking:
I am going to try to find 3 more sources and add 3 paragraphs to the "Critical thinking" article.

The History section is underdeveloped and needs at least 1 paragraph added I will start there.

The earliest documentations of critical thinking are the teachings of Socrates recorded by Plato. Socrates asked people questions to revel their irrational thinking or lack of reliable knowledge. Socrates demonstrated that having authority does not ensure accurate knowledge. He established the method of questioning beliefs, closely inspecting assumptions and relying on evidence and sound rationale. Plato recorded Socrates' teachings and carried on the tradition of critical thinking. Aristotle and subsequent Greek skeptics refined Socrates' teachings, using systematic thinking and asking questions to ascertain the true nature of reality beyond the way things appear from a glance.