User:Nickb0618/sandbox

July 10, 2019- Peer Review Questions- Ashley Greenfield

How is the grammar (spelling, punctuation, capitalization, appropriate vocabulary)? The writing of the addition to the article was extremely well written. There is a spelling error with the word, "pollysaccaride." Additionally, there is the need for some commas in the first paragraph when you are talking about the 3 forms. I would just make sure to add those as the sentence provides for them. Other than that the grammar and punctuation is great!

Are all species names properly formatted?- Species names are as they should be.

Are there three distinct paragraphs?- There are in fact 3 distinct paragraphs.

Is each interesting fact elaborated on enough (3-4 sentences at least)?- The first and third paragraphs are well elaborated on. The second paragraph read as though there could be more included in the paragraph to round out the content. One thing that came to mind was, "What types of treatment are available for those who are infected?" "How does the process take?" "Is there a treatment course?"

Do any of the paragraphs leave you with further questions? - See comments above regarding the second

Are the niche and gram stain of the organism mentioned?- Yes, they were previously mentioned in the

Are 3 sources used throughout the contribution? Yes- there are three citations

Are citations properly formatted? Yes-

Do the links to citations work when clicked on? Yes

Is the contribution written from a neutral tone? 100% there was no bias or emotional stance taken while writing this.

Is the contribution written for a lay-audience (someone who might come across this article in the middle of the night on a wiki-binge)? Nick did a great job taking microbiology slang and making it digestable for the lay person and even went as far to include parentheses where there may have been some confusion i.e. flgC and flgE (two chemicals that cause mutation)."


 * Just to clarify Nick flgC and flgE are not chemicals they are two genes that make up the flagella - by giving Vibrio mutated copies of these genes to replace their working copies they disrupted the integrity of the flagella and rendered the strains imobile - Shannon ***********

Article Evaluated: Vibrio vulnificus. The article is written well and does not have any bias to it. The links still work and they do provide more information about the bacteria. However, one of the links goes to a news story on CNN, which I would say is not exactly relevant to the article. There are plenty of references provided, however, most of the are far older then 5 years. There are many from the 90's, so these would need to be updated. Response to Peer Review: The most harmful strains of V. vulnificus documented have been observed in three different forms. The first is in an anti-phagocytic polysaccharide capsule that protects the bacteria. By encapsulating the bacteria, phagocytosis and opsonization are not able to occur, thus allowing the bacteria to continue throughout the organism it is in. The second way that V. vulnificus has been most harmful is with some of the toxins that it creates. These toxins are not part of the infection that V. vulnificus causes but instead they are part of a secondary infection in the GI tract that most certainly will lead to systemic infection. Lastly, V. vulnificus has been seen to cause more harm in patients that have higher levels of iron.[1]

V. vulnificus may not be a commonly known bacteria, but it is, however, the most common cause of death due to to seafood in the United States. Infection and mortality due to V. vulnificus causes over 95% of deaths in the United States that are known to have happened because of ingested seafood. Surprisingly enough, while V. vulnificus claims 95% of seafood related deaths, if treatment with tetracycline or other cephalosporin antibiotics is initiated at the onset of symptoms and is treated appropriately, the patient will experience no long term effects provided they continue to take the full course over antibiotics which is typically about two weeks.[2]

While the treatment for V. vulnificus is as simple as antibiotics, there have been cases where the genes mutated and antibiotics are no longer effective. While looking for an answer to this problem, researchers found that one way to stop the infection from spreading is to again mutate the bacteria. This mutation happens on the flagellum of the bacteria. When injected with flgC and flgE (two chemicals that cause the mutation), the flagellum no longer function properly. When unable to move normally, the bacteria is no longer able to spread toxins through the body, thus decreasing the effect that V. vulnificus has on the body systemically.[3]

New References Glenn Morris, J. “Vibrio Vulnificus Infections.” UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer, 24 Jan. 2019, www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infections.

Jones, Melissa K., and James D. Oliver. “Vibrio Vulnificus: Disease and Pathogenesis.” Infection and Immunity, American Society for Microbiology Journals, 1 May 2009, DOI 10.1128/IAI.01046-08

Schwartz, Robert. “Vibrio Vulnificus Infection.” Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology, Medscape, 18 Apr. 2019, emedicine.medscape.com/article/1055523-overview.

Citation Assignment: Added under the Signs and symptoms tab "While men have been shown to be more at risk from this infection than women, co-morbidities such as alcoholic cirrhosis and diseases affecting the endocrine system (diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) put a person far more at risk to develop infection from V. vulnificus." with a citation to UpToDate.

Article Contribution Assignment: The most harmful strains of V. vulnificus documented have been observed in three different forms. The first is in an anti-phagocytic polysacharide capsule that protects the bacteria. By encapsulating the bacteria, phagocytosis and opsonization are not able to occur, thus allowing the bacteria to continue throughout the organism it is in. The second way that V. vulnificus has been most harmful is with some of the toxins that it creates. These toxins are not part of the infection that V. vulnificus causes but instead they are part of a secondary infection in the GI tract that most certainly will lead to systemic infection. Lastly, V. vulnificus has been seen to cause more harm in patients that have higher levels of iron.

V. vulnificus may not be a commonly known bacteria, but it is, however, the most common cause of death due to to seafood in the United States. Infection and mortality due to V. vulnificus causes over 95% of deaths in the United States that are known to have happened because of ingested seafood. Surprisingly enough, while V. vulnificus claims 95% of seafood related deaths, if treatment is initiated at the onset of symptoms and is treated appropriately, the patient will experience no long term effects.

While the treatment for V. vulnificus is as simple as antibiotics, there have been cases where the genes mutated and antibiotics are no longer effective. While looking for an answer to this problem, researchers found that one way to stop the infection from spreading is to again mutate the bacteria. This mutation happens on the flagellum of the bacteria. When injected with flgC and flgE (two genes in the flagella that cause the mutation), the flagellum no longer function properly. When unable to move normally, the bacteria is no longer able to spread toxins through the body, thus decreasing the effect that V. vulnificus has on the body systemically.

Niche and Gram- stain (already in the article): V. vulnificus is a gram negative bacteria that lives in water that contains both salt water and freshwater.