User:Nickhe1131/Kilwa Kisiwani

Ancient DNA Analysis
A study by Brielle et al in 2023 completed ancient DNA analysis of several samples from the ruins of Kilwa. Ancient DNA analysis has been completed for 2 Kilwa Kisiwani individuals in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. Samples were taken from two boxes of human remains located the in British Institute in Eastern Africa (BIEA) in Nairobi. Due to limitations from previous problematic excavations, the two individuals that produced workable aDNA data have limited contextual data surrounding them.

Potentially dating from 1300-1600 AD (more precise radiocarbon dating techniques were unable to be completed in time for these samples), analysis was completed of the individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autosomal DNA, Y chromosome DNA, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA in the individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, a DNA pattern found more frequently in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals compared to Sub-Saharan African individuals. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, were compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to the autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side.

The introduction of foreign DNA was estimated to have occurred between 795-1085 AD. However, the authors indicate that this likely occurred over "multiple generations" and that mixture of Eurasian and African populations have continually occurred since.