User:Nickhe1131/Manda

Manda was one of the earliest towns discovered by archaeologists on the Swahili Coast. Archaeological excavations have revealed Manda to be one of the wealthiest East African towns from 800 to 1600 CE. Artifacts have been uncovered from India, Africa, and the Mediterranean, establishing Manda's involvement with the Indian Ocean trade.

Ancient DNA Evidence
Ancient DNA analysis has been completed for 3 Manda Island individuals in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. The location of the analyzed burials next to mosques is indicative of an elite status in the Manda society. The individuals were dated to between 1400-1500 AD. Analysis was completed of the individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autosomal DNA, Y chromosome DNA, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, found more frequently in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals compared to Sub-Saharan African individuals. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, was compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side. The proportion of female African DNA was quantified by the authors to be 100%.

Introduction of foreign DNA was estimated to have occurred between 795-1085 AD. However, the authors indicate that this likely occurred over "multiple generations" and that mixture of Eurasian and African populations have continually occurred since.