User:Nicole9houston/History of in vitro fertilisation

Introduction [edit]
The history of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) goes back more than half a century. In 1959 the first birth in a nonhuman mammal resulting from IVF occurred, and in 1978 the world's first baby conceived by IVF was born. As medicine advanced IVF was transformed from natural research to a stimulated clinical treatment. There has been many refinements in the IVF process, and today millions of births have occurred with the help of IVF all over the world.

Steps prior to human IVF [edit]
Prior to the development of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) in humans, a physician and professor at the University of Cambridge, England Walter Heape was doing research on reproduction in animals. In 1891, Heape reported the first successful embryo transfer in a mammal.

As early as 1934, Gregory Goodwin Pincus and Ernst Vinzenz Enzmann tried to perform IVF in rabbits. Although the pregnancy was successful, it was later determined that the fertilisation occurred in vivo (in the body).

John Rock was the first to extract an intact fertilized egg. In 1948, Rock and Miriam Menkin retrieved over 800 oocytes in which they published their findings in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 'There was a transient biochemical pregnancy reported by Australian Foxton School researchers in 1953. [previous citation 1]'

'In 1959, Min Chueh Chang at the Worcester Foundation, proved fertilisation in vitro was capable of proceeding to a birth of a live rabbit. Chang's discovery was seminal, as it clearly demonstrated that oocytes fertilised in vitro were capable of developing, if transferred into the uterus and thereby produce live young.[previous citation 2]'

Early babies [edit]
Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards started collaborating in human IVF research in 1968. It wasn't until 1977 when Steptoe and Edwards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world's first baby to be conceived by IVF, Louise Brown on 25 July 1978, in Oldham General Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK. No stimulation was used in the fertilisation that created Louise thus making it natural IVF. [previous citation 6 7 8]

In October 1978, it was reported that Subash Mukhopadyay, a physician from Kolkata, India was performing experiments on his own with primitive instruments and a household refrigerator and this resulted in a test tube baby, later named as "Durga" (alias Kanupriya Agarwal) who was born on 3 October 1978.[previous citation 9] However, state authorities prevented him from presenting his work at scientific conferences and, in the absence of scientific evidence, his work is not recognised by the international scientific community.[previous citation 10] These days, however, Mukhopadhyay's contribution is acknowledged in works dealing with the subject.[previous citation 11]

Steptoe and Edwards were responsible for the world's first confirmed boy conceived by IVF, Alastair Montgomery, born on 14 January 1979 in Glasgow.[previous citation 12] A team led by Ian Johnston and Alex Lopata were responsible for Australia's first baby conceived by IVF, Candice Reed, born on 23 June 1980 in Melbourne.[previous citation 13]

Transformation from natural IVF research to stimulated IVF treatment [edit]
It was the subsequent use of stimulated cycles with clomiphene citrate and the use of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to control and time oocyte maturation, thus controlling the time of collection, that converted IVF from a research tool to a clinical treatment.

This was followed by a total of 14 pregnancies resulting in nine births in 1981 with the Monash University team. Howard W. Jones and Georgeanna Seegar Jones at the Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk, Virginia, further improved stimulated cycles by incorporating the use of a follicle-stimulating hormone (uHMG).[previous citation 14] This then became known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Another step forward was the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHA), thus decreasing the need for monitoring by preventing premature ovulation, and more recently gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists (GnRH Ant), which have a similar function. The additional use of the oral contraceptive pill has allowed the scheduling of IVF cycles, which has made the treatment far more convenient for both staff and patients.

Subsequent refinements [edit]
The ability to freeze and subsequently thaw and transfer embryos has significantly improved the feasibility of IVF use.[previous citation 15] In 1983, Alan Trounson and Linda Mohr reported the first pregnancy which used embryo cryopreservation (frozen human embryos). However, this embryo was not carried to term. In December of 1983, the first baby was born using this method which happened to be twins.

The ability to freeze and preserve a woman's eggs to be used at a later date has also had impacts on IVF use. In 1986, Dr. Christopher Chen reported the first pregnancy which used oocyte cryopreservation (frozen eggs). The ability to freeze sperm has also been possible for generations. Both of these options have been beneficial in IVF use to allow people who must undergo radiation or menopause to still have children.

Another important development in IVF was when egg donation became publicly available. The pregnancy from egg donation occurred in 1983. In the United States, the first child born from egg donation occurred on February 3, 1984. This has allowed for those who are unable to conceive a child due infertility, or lack of eggs to become parents.

'The other very significant milestone in IVF was the development of the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of single sperms by Gianpiero D. Palermo et al.in Brussels (UZ Brussel), 1992. This has enabled men with minimal sperm production to achieve pregnancies. ICSI is sometimes used in conjunction with sperm recovery, using a testicular fine needle or open testicular biopsy. Using this method, some men with Klinefelter's syndrome, and so would be otherwise infertile, have occasionally been able to achieve pregnancy. Thus, IVF has become the final solution for most fertility problems, moving from tubal disease to male factor, idiopathic subfertility, endometriosis, advanced maternal age, and anovulation not responding to ovulation induction.'

How many babies are born as a result of IVF [edit]
'In the US, ART cycles started in 2006 resulted in 41,343 births (54,656 infants), which is slightly more than 1% of total US births. In 2012 it was estimated that five million children had been born worldwide using IVF and other assisted reproduction techniques.'

The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) reported that in 2012 alone IVF resulted in about 61,740 babies born in the United States. The CDC estimates that IVF results in about 1 to 2 percent of births in the United States every year.

It is estimated that in 2016 IVF resulted in about 76,930 live-born infants in a single year in the United States. As of 2015 over one million babies have been born as a result of IFV in the U.S. and over 8 million world wide.