User:Nienkedgr/sandbox

Abuse
Abuse can occur in three different ways: psychological, physical and sexual. In the following cases the abuse can lead to toxic stress. Psychological abuse can appear when a parent or another adult in a homely surrounding frequent or very frequent swear at or insult the child. Also when a parent or another adult in a homely surrounding frequent or very frequent act in a way that made the child afraid they would be physically hurt, psychological abuse appears. Physical abuse can occur when a parent or another adult in a homely surrounding frequent or very frequent push, grab or slap the child. It’s possible that the child have marks or were injured because it was hit so hard. Sexual abuse can appear when an adult or a person that’s five years older than the child ever touch or palm their body in a sexual way the child. Or when the adult or person that’s five years older than the child tried or had oral, anal or vaginal intercourse with the child, there is sexual abuse.

Neglect
Attachment is important for a child's stress regulation. It is the affective bond between a child and its parent that develops in the early years of life. There are two ways of attachment, a baby can attach safe or unsafe. When a child is unsafe attached, she develops stress and after a few years it can progress to toxic stress. A cause of an unsafe attachment is neglect. This can be expressed in emotional or physical neglect. A child has emotional needs. When a parent or parents unintentionally reacts unadequately to these needs, it is a case of emotional neglect. Psychical neglect appears when the parent/parents or guardian does not take good care of or abuses the child. Neglect can cause damage to the child's brain at an early age. Brain plasticity ensures that the children's brains can easily adapt to certain situations. This means that if the parents or caregivers react structurally negatively to the child, the child will strengthen connections that she needs in negative circumstances and weaken connections that she needs in positive surroundings. If this persists for a long period of time, this process can be a possible explanation of how stress can develop into toxic stress.

Household dysfunction
A dysfunction in the household can cause toxic stress, this can arise in six different ways. Primary the child’s parents got divorced or separated. Second if the child was exposed to violence against her mother, this means if they know their mother was hit, threatened or hurt by someone else. Something that is linked to this cause is the fact that attachment is often transferred from parent to child. A parent with a safe attachment style has a great chance that their child will attach to them in a safe way. The same applies to unsafe attachment. Third cause is if the child lived with someone who has or had an addiction. The addict often has a problem with alcohol or drugs. Poverty is also one of the elements that brings a lot of stress. Several factors play a role in this, such as bad health, education, food and shelter. Over time, it can cause toxic stress in the family. Another way in which household dysfunction can occur is whenever a member of the household has or has had a mental illness, attempted suicide or is depressed. This has a great impact on the child living in that household. The last factor that has influence on the development of toxic stress is criminal behavior in the homely environment, an example of this is if a member went to prison.