User:NikNovikov/sandbox

Hey Nik, More great work on this important Wiki page! Thank you! How's it going on a draft of "a general paragraph about the tribes that are currently officially recognized." On the talk page, you generated excitement and interest about this. Might you just focus here for the remaining week of the project? You may also ask the Wiki Tech (by clicking "get help" in our WikiEdu shell) how much of the outline from Natives of Oregon you want to incorporate into California Natives if the research isn't done. At a minimum you could suggest the headings on the Talk page. What do you think? Springerhe (talk) 20:11, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

Great Nik, I'm so glad my feedback was helpful. Could you please date your work or provide a log as asked? I just need to be able and track what you're doing when. Heather Springer Springerhe (talk) 19:07, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

Nik, This is a great start. Did you search Gale or Biography through the BC library as well? You may find some good things there.

I recommend checking out what the Native American People of Oregon page has done: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_peoples_of_Oregon. This one is further along than the Indigenous People of California page is (it is C class). See if it gives you ideas for how to develop your page further. As you get ideas, make suggestions on the Indigenous People of California Talk page as well. Springerhe (talk) 00:14, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

Editing Logs
PS (04/11/18): I've been using my Sandbox page to draft bits and pieces for the article, you will not find the full final draft of the article here. I know it's chaotic, sorry about that! Also, I added a couple links to Indigenous Peoples of California from other articles on Wikipedia (forgot to do it earlier). I believe this is going to the final change I'll make to the article. It's far from being finished though.

Log from 04/10/18: Instead of adding separate paragraphs about assimilation, treaties, and wars to the article, I decided to keep the timeline structure of the article (Precontact, Contact, Mission Era, 19th century, etc). I have added the following parts to the 19th century paragraph: Contacts with Russian explorers, Conflicts (includes California Indian Wars, Modoc War, California Genocide). I added the 20th century paragraph where I have mentioned the policy of assimilation and the law suits regarding the unratified treaties of 1852.

Log from 04/08/18: Sandbox: Added a paragraph in the section 19th Century, it's about Wrangell's encounter with California Indians in 1835. Includes 2 WikiLinks and 2 citations. Writing another paragraph about Voznesensky. Attempted to find more images outside WikiCommons (30 min). I think I'll have to stick with the one I found last time. Talk page: added a paragraph about Wrangell for others to comment on.

Log from 04/01/18: Mainspace: Added an image (pre-contact map of tribes) to the Pre-contact paragraph of the article. Added a few sentences to the 21st Century paragraph of the article (instead of adding a new paragraph Indigenous peoples Today as I was planning to originally), included a couple wikilinks and a citation. Drafted some more in the Sandbox. Next I will add a few sentences about Modoc War and genocide (drafting), I think I'll just add it to the 19th Century paragraph instead of starting a new one. Other ideas for the week: add citations somewhere (I could utilize all these extra sources that I found as references), Check out this dissertation (recommended and kindly shared by a wikipedian): Sanders, Catherine Adelle (2003). "Sovereignty empowered by governance among California tribal nations". United States -- California: University of Southern California. Retrieved 2018-03-03. — Carl (Seaplant (talk) 06:31, 6 March 2018 (UTC))

Log from 03/16/18: Spent about 45 min searching for map images on the internet (no luck, copyright). Found this one on Wikimedia Commons though: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/California_tribes.png added a link to it to the talk page of Indigenous peoples of California

Also, read the comments left by other users, responded to some, found another source: https://search.proquest.com/docview/305293484

Peer editing: added comments to User:Ivanjr92/sandbox

Finally, added a log from 03/04/18 as you requested. Possibly, next time I'll continue working on my new paragraphs, start writing, upload an image.

Log from 03/04/18: Based on your recommendation, retrieved some ideas from Native American peoples of Oregon

Added new paragraphs to draft (Assimilation, Treaties, Wars, Native Peoples of California Today).

Found a good quote (citation for Wars?), found 1 image and 5 more potential sources, see below (spent 1 hour searching).

Posted comments on talk page regarding my finds / planned changes / sources.

Article (Draft of Changes): Indigenous peoples of California
Draft of first changes / work in progress, 03/04/2018

Ideas retrieved from Native American peoples of Oregon:

Add paragraphs about:

Assimilation:

Treaties:

Wars:

Modoc War: "The state tolerated or sanctioned and financed seven anti-Modoc campaigns, all of which emphasized the massacre of civilians. Militiamen and soldiers also committed another genocidal crime that likely contributed to Modoc death by exposure, malnutrition, decreased fecundity, fetal death, and increased mortality rates" (Woolford, Andrew, Benvenuto, Jeff, Laban Hilton, Alexander, Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America, Durham, Duke University Press, 2014, pg. 118)

Native Peoples of California Today:

According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, there are currently over one hundred federally recognized native groups or tribes in California including those that spread to several states. Federal recognition officially grants the Indian tribes access to services and funding from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. A full list of the tribes native to California that are currently federally recognized can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state#California http://www.ncsl.org/research/state-tribal-institute/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#ca

"The following state-by-state listing of Indian tribes or groups are federally recognized and eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), there are currently 566 federally recognized tribes. For more information on federally recognized tribes, click here. The list also includes Indian tribes or groups that are recognized by the states, when the state has established such authority. This acknowledges their status within the state but does not guarantee funding from the state or the federal government. State-recognized Indian tribes are not federally recognized; however, federally recognized tribes may also be state-recognized."

Precontact:

I found a map of the Native American Tribes' territories from the precontact period: http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/ca/calprecontact.gif

I'll think how exactly I could use it...

What I did today:

- Had a look at Native American peoples of Oregon, got some ideas regarding new paragraphs that could be added to Indigenous peoples of California, started collecting information / drafting some of them.

- Found a pretty thorough map of Native Californian tribes from the precontact period. I could use it in the paragraph titled "Precontact". I wish I knew the approximate date that it refers to though...

- Spent about one hour looking for more sources / reading:

4) Powers, Stephen, Heizer, Robert, Tribes of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1976

5) http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1054/files/american%20indians%20in%20california.pdf

6) http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/ca/calprecontact.gif

7) http://www.ncsl.org/research/state-tribal-institute/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#ca

8) Cothran, Boyd, Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

''NOTE: All the sources that I have listed last time I have come across at the BC Library website. This time I used the BC Library website again, but also just surfed on the internet.''

Article: Indigenous peoples of California (notes from 02/25/2018)

Doesn't look complete, no list of tribes, some citations look questionable, appears to be too short for such a broad topic...

Corrections?

Precontact:

'''"Because of the temperate climate and easy access to food sources, approximately one-third of all Native Americans in the United States were living in the area of California. [9]" - What year are we talking about approximately? Sentence has to be changed, it sounds like we could theoretically be talking about anytime in between 19,000 years ago and the 15th century.'''

Contact with Europeans:

"Tribes on the coast of northwest California, like the Miwok, Yurok, and Yokut, had contact with Russian explorers and seafarers in the late 18th century.[citation needed]" <- Citation needed! The Russians established their outpost of Fort Ross in 1812 near Bodega Bay in Northern California,[5] In early 19th Century, Russian exploration of northern California and contacts with local population were associated with the activity of the Russian-American Company. Note:

I don't think there's a list of tribes that are native to California anywhere in the article. Language groups are partially covered, no list of particular tribes: neither from the present, nor from any time period in the past.

Other ideas from talk page

Map Image:

No legend: how do we interpret it? What's the use?

1870-es genocide:

Not covered. I wonder if there are many sources that cover this event at all? it's probably not in the history textbooks...

19th Century

In early 19th Century, Russian exploration of California and contacts with local population were associated with the activity of the Russian-American Company. A Russian explorer, Baron Ferdinand von Wrangell, has visited California in 1818, 1833, and 1835. Looking for a potential site for a new outpost of the company in California in place of Fort Ross, Wrangell’s expedition has encountered the Indians north of San Francisco Bay and visited their village. In his notes Wrangell remarked that local women, used to physical labor, seemed to be of stronger constitution than men, whose main activity was hunting. Local provision consisted primarily of fish and products made of seeds and grains: usually ground acorns and wild rye. Wrangell surmised his impressions of the California Indians as a people with a natural propensity for independence, inventive spirit, and a unique sense of the beautiful.

Another notable Russian expedition to California was the 13 months long visit of the scientist Ilya Voznesensky in 1840-1841. Voznesensky’s goal was to gather some ethnographic, biological, and geological materials for the collection of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He described the locals that he met on his trip to Cape Mendocino as “the untamed Indian tribes of New Albion, who roam like animals and, protected by impenetrable vegetation, keep from being enslaved by the Spanish”.

Conflicts

Most of inland California including California deserts and the Central Valley was in possession of the local tribes until the acquisition of Alta California by the United States. As the wave of immigrants from the United States started to settle inland California during the Gold Rush, conflicts between the aborigines and the immigrants started to arise. The series of massacres, battles, and wars between the United States and the indigenous peoples of California lasting from 1850 to 1880 is referred to as California Indian Wars.

Genocide

After guns and horses were introduced to the indigenous peoples of California in the beginning of the 19th century, the tensions between the neighboring tribes started to increase. In combination with the mass migration, that caused dramatic changes. When in 1846 the Applegate Trail cut through the Modoc territory, the immigrants and their livestock have damaged the ecosystem that the locals were dependent on.

Some anthropologists insist that the indigenous resistance is often used to camouflage genocide in colonial history. For instance, the final stage of the Modoc Campaign was triggered when Modoc men lead by Kintpuash (AKA Captain Jack) murdered General Canby at the peace tent in 1873. However, it’s not widely known that between 1851 and 1872 the Modoc population has decreased by 75 to 88% as a result of seven anti-Modoc campaigns started by the white immigrants. There is evidence that the first massacre of the Modocs by the white men has possibly happened as early as 1840. According to the story told by a chief of the Achumawi tribe (neighboring to Modocs), a group of trappers from the north stopped by the Tule lake about the year 1840 and invited the Modocs to a feast. As they sat down to eat, the cannon was fired and many Indians were killed. The father of Captain Jack was among the survivors of that attack. Since then the Modocs resisted any intruders notoriously.

As a result of losing food supplies, suffering from diseases, dislocation, and violence, the Native Californian population has reached its historical minimum at 25,000 around 1870. This is about 80% less than a hundred years earlier.

20th Century

During the end of the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th century, the government attempted to force the indigenous peoples to break the ties with their native culture and tribalism and assimilate with the white society. In California, the federal government has established such forms of education as the reservation day schools and American Indian boarding schools. Some public schools would allow Indians to attend as well. Poor ventilation and nutrition (due to limited funding), and diseases were typical problems at schools for American Indians. In addition to that, most parents disagreed with the idea of their children being raised as whites: at boarding schools, the students were forced to wear European style clothes and haircuts, were given European names, and were strictly forbidden to speak indigenous languages. The Native American community has recognized the American Indian boarding schools to destroy their native culture and demanded the right for their children to access public schools. In 1935 the restrictions for Native Americans to attend public schools were officially removed.

Since the 1920s, various Indian activist groups were demanding that the federal government fulfils the conditions of the 18 treaties of 1851-1852 that were never ratified and apparently, classified. In 1944 and in 1946 the native peoples brought claims for reimbursements asking for compensations for the lands affected by treaties and Mexican land grants. They won $17.5 million and $46 million, respectively.

Throughout the 20th Century, the population of indigenous peoples of California gradually rose.

Sources?
1) Hudson, Travis, et al., Treasures From Native California : The Legacy of Russian Exploration, Walnut Creek, California : Left Coast Press, Inc., 2014, page 10

Mentions Visits of Ferdinand Wrangell (1833) and Il'ya Voznesenskii (1840–1841) to California. A lot of their ethnographic observations are described in the book.

2) Heizer, Robert, Languages, Territories, and names of California Indian tribes, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966

Possibly a good source of information about the tribes.

3) Woolford, Andrew, Benvenuto, Jeff, Laban Hilton, Alexander, Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America, Durham, Duke University Press, 2014, pg. 96 -118

Describes the Modoc War of 1872-1873 and other cases of genocide of the Native American tribes by the colonists.

03/04/2018, more sources:

4) Powers, Stephen, Heizer, Robert, Tribes of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1976

5) http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1054/files/american%20indians%20in%20california.pdf

6) http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/ca/calprecontact.gif

7) http://www.ncsl.org/research/state-tribal-institute/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#ca

8) Cothran, Boyd, Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

9) https://search.proquest.com/docview/305293484