User:Nina Thompson/sandbox

Article Evaluation

 * Nothing from the article on the Civil Rights Act of 64 really distracted me. Everything included in the article seems relevant.
 * The article seems to be pretty objective. I did not observe any biases in the article.
 * Nothing seems to be under or over-represented (that I know of).
 * The links work and seem to support the claims of the article.
 * All of the facts are are accompanied with a reliable reference. Information seems to come from reputable, factual sources on the Civil Rights Act of 64 for the most part. They are neutral sources or the most part.
 * The information is up to date because it highlights related events from the 60's up until today.
 * In the talk page, there are a lot of critiques on how to better word some of the paragraphs and also critiques of the citations used. Although they are critiques, the users are critiquing in a polite and civil manner.
 * The article was given a B rating and is of interest for quite a few wiki projects.
 * The Wikipedia article is very strictly factual compared to the way we talk about the issue in class.

Week 5 assignment: Potential articles for final project
Option 1: I could add an article to the Wikipedia page entitled: Racial Inequality in the United States

Option 2: I could add more information the the Police Brutality page on Wikipedia

Week 6 assignment: finalizing my topic and finding sources
On the Wikipedia page, "Racial Inequality in the United States, I plan to add a section that talks about police brutality as a form of racial inequality because there isn't any information on their yet. There is a little but of information on racial profiling, but not police brutality specifically. I plan on finding some statistics on the rates of police brutality towards white people vs. black people or people of color. I want to make it clear that there is a disparity when it comes to police brutality towards black people as well as Hispanics.

Bibliography of sources I could use:

Maguire, Edward R., and David E. Duffee. Criminal Justice Theory: Explaining the Nature and Behavior of Criminal Justice. Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2015, books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VKqgBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA149&dq=policy+brutality&ots=6APfNBFn9T&sig=vZlOSXYHKSXG9X1D_fmiMTIeilI#v=onepage&q=policy%20brutality&f=false.

Sears, David O. “A Perspective on Implicit Prejudice from Survey Research.” JSTOR, vol. 15, no. 4, 2004, www.jstor.org/stable/20447242?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

Cooper, Hanna LF. “ Https://Www.tandfonline.com/Doi/Abs/10.3109/10826084.2015.1007669.” Taylor and Francis, Informa UK Limited, 16 Mar. 2015, www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826084.2015.1007669.

Assignment 8-sentence I would add to the pay gap article on Wikipedia
A sentence I would add to the Wikipedia page based on the article we read about the glass escalator, is that "Often times black people have an harder time than white females moving up in positions because of their race."

Police Brutality
Main article: Police brutality in the United States

There are significant racial discrepancies in the United States involving police brutality. Police brutality in the United States is defined as "the unwarranted or excessive and often illegal use of force against civilians by U.S. police officers." It can come in the form of murder, assault, mayhem, or torture, as well as less physical means of violence including general harassment, verbal abuse, and intimidation. The origins of racial inequality by way of police brutality in America date all the way back to colonial times. During this time when Africans were enslaved by whites, enslavement became so widespread that slaves began to outnumber whites in some colonies. Due to fear of rebellions, insurrections, and slave riots, whites began to organize groups of vigilantes who would use force to keep slaves from rebelling against their owners. Men ages six to sixty would be required to patrol slave residences, searching for any slaves that needed to be kept under control. When the first American police department was established in 1838, African Americans soon became the target of police brutality as they fled the south. In 1929, the Illinois crime survey reported that although African-Americans only made up five percent of Illinois's population, they consisted of 30 percent of victims taken by police killings. During the civil rights era, the existence of the racial disparities surrounding police brutality only became more evident. As protests against police brutality became more prevalent, police would use tactics such as police dogs or fire hoses to control the protesters, even if they were peacefully protesting. In 1991, video footage was released of cab driver Rodney King being hit over 50 times by multiple police with their batons. The police were later acquitted for their actions. Today, instances of police brutality towards black people continue to be broadcasted on mediums such as Facebook and Twitter. Years later in a similar instance to the beating of Rodney King, Philando Castile, a 32 year old black male was pulled over for a broken taillight. After being told by the police man named officer Yanez to take out his license and insurance, Castile let the officer know he had a firearm and that he was reaching into his pocket to get his wallet. In a matter of seconds the officer pulled out his gun and shot Castile 5 times, killing him in front of his girlfriend and 4-year-old daughter. He claimed he feared for his life. He was also acquitted of his charges. In Falcon Heights, the city where Castile was shot, statistics released by the police department reveal that although only 7 percent of the residents there are black, they make up 47 percent of the citizens that are arrested.

There are a lot of data and statistics highlighting the racial disparities involved in police brutality. A study done by Joshua Correll at the University of Chicago shows what is called “The police officers dilemma,” by setting up a video game in which police are given scenarios involving both black and white men holding either a gun or non-threatening objects such as cellphones. Their task is to only shoot the men that are carrying guns. It was found in this experiment that armed black men were shot more frequently than armed white men and were also shot more quickly. The police would also often mistakenly shoot the unarmed black targets, while neglecting to shoot the armed white targets. Due to statistics like these, Cody T. Ross, a doctoral student studying anthropology concluded that there is "evidence of a significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans, in that the probability of being {black, unarmed, and shot by police} is about 3.49 times the probability of being {white, unarmed, and shot by police} on average." While that information was found in 2015, in 2017 it was found that black people made up twenty-five percent of those that were killed, even though they only made up thirteen percent of the total population.