User:Ninaanastasio/sandbox


 * smoking cessation --> effects of e-cigarettes as a method of cessation
 * harms/ benefits -> why people choose this route
 * recent studies and their benefits
 * pharmacist intervention plans
 * Saba M, Bittoun R, Kritikos V, Saini B. Smoking cessation in community pharmacy practice-a clinical information needs analysis. Springerplus. 2013 Sep 11;2:449. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-449. PMID: 24058894; PMCID: PMC3777019.
 * Pharmacy students from the University of Sydney, pharmacists and smoking cessation educators were provided a questionnaire
 * ///// not helpful - just that there was gaps in their knowledge
 * need to look into further articles
 * Fai SC, Yen GK, Malik N. Quit rates at 6 months in a pharmacist-led smoking cessation service in Malaysia. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2016 Sep;149(5):303-312. doi: 10.1177/1715163516662894. Epub 2016 Aug 9. PMID: 27708676; PMCID: PMC5032936.
 * Pharmacists were helpful in screening for early signs of COPD and mental status
 * allowing early stages of disease and could start tx early
 * important to discuss with healthcare professionals
 * Pharmacists can create a team dynamic between physicians, nurses and other health care providers
 * In Malaysia, pharmacists can prescribe NRT products, but for pharmacotherapy options such as varenicline, they would need to be referred to a physician
 * this is dependent on country, as other nations can prescribe vareniciline (ex. Canada)
 * the pharmacist lead smoking cessation service was more successful than other smoking cessation trials in Malaysia
 * Pharmacist counselling and NRT therapy had higher success rates compared to NRT therapy alone
 * allowed targeted therapy for each patient


 * https://psfcnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/UWaterloo-Pharmacist-led-Smoking-Cessation-Programs-in-Canada-White-Paper-Jan-2019.pdf
 * benefits:
 * increase awareness of pharmacist intervention abilities
 * Interprofessional collaboration
 * Able to educate patients on how to correctly use NRT's and the expectations they should have
 * barriers:
 * lack of funding
 * workflow/ enough time for pharmacists to sit down and discuss
 * coverage issues
 * some stigma around community pharmacists and their knowledge on the topic
 * people felt as though they might not be the best professionals to talk to
 * Erku DA, Hailemeskel B, Netere AK, Belachew SA. Pharmacist-led smoking cessation services in Ethiopia: Knowledge and skills gap analysis. Tob Induc Dis. 2019 Jan 9;17:01. doi: 10.18332/tid/99573. PMID: 31582913; PMCID: PMC6751994.
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822095/
 * community pharmacist intervention for smoking cessation
 * Found that structured care, and regular visits, easy accessibility to pharmacists helped more people in trying to quit than without
 * NRTs are OTC, with some people just going in to buy them without counsel from a healthcare provider. Pharmacists can provide that counselling needed.
 * meta-analysis across 7 studies from various countries, found statistically and clinically significant benefit favouring pharmacist intervention
 * the studied concluded saying that more research should be done in the area as they found unknown risk of bias in the studies included
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780058/
 * systematic review looking at pharmacist intervention in smoking cessation, alcohol and weight interventions
 * behavioural and/or NRT counseling
 * is effective and cost effective
 * evidence suggests the the longer the duration of pharmacist led intervention, the more effective the attempt at quitting was
 * contained both randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials
 * effective and feasible option
 * pharmacists have a great reach in the community to help with smoking cessation
 * can use pharmacies to deliver public health information

Pharmacist-led interventions have proven to be effective in helping smoking cessation attempts. Many systematic reviews have looked at the importance of pharmacist involvement. In Malaysia, their study looked at how pharmacist intervention in patients' overall healthcare showed improvements in screening early stages of disease. This allowed for earlier treatment starts in smoking-caused COPD. In addition, pharmacists in Malaysia could prescribe NRT products, and when they led a smoking cessation service, it was more successful than other smoking cessation trials in Malaysia. It was also shown that pharmacist counselling and NRT products were more effective in smoking cessation than using NRT alone.

In pharmacist-led smoking cessation services in Ethiopia, the study found statistically and clinically significant benefits favouring pharmacist intervention. They found that structured care, and regular visits, easy accessibility to pharmacists helped more people trying to quit than without. However, the study concluded that more research should be done in the area as they found an unknown risk of bias in the studies included.

Another systematic review analyzed pharmacist intervention in smoking cessation and alcohol and weight interventions. They found that evidence suggests that the longer the duration of pharmacist-led intervention, the more influential the attempt at quitting was. In addition, they found that community pharmacists were beneficial in delivering public health information. Pharmacists have a great reach in the community to help with smoking cessation and have proven to help with lifestyle modifications and proper NRT use.

Pharmacist led interventions have proven to been effective in helping smoking cessation attempts. Many systematic reviews have looked at the importance of pharmacist involvement. In Malaysia, their review looked at how pharmacist intervention in patient's overall healthcare showed improvements in screening of early stages of disease. This allowed for earlier treatment starts in smoking caused COPD. Pharmacists in Malaysia could prescribe NRT products, and when they lead smoking cessation service, it was more successful than other smoking cessation trials in Malaysia. It was also shown that pharmacist counselling in addition to NRT products were more effective in smoking cessation than the use of NRT alone.

In pharmacist led smoking cessation services in Ethiopia, a meta-analysis of seven studies from various countries, found statistically and clinically significant benefit favouring pharmacist intervention. They found that structured care, and regular visits, easy accessibility to pharmacists helped more people in trying to quit than without. The study concluded saying that more research should be done in the area as they found unknown risk of bias in the studies included.

Another systematic review analyzed pharmacist intervention in smoking cessation, alcohol and weight interventions. They found that evidence suggests that the longer the duration of pharmacist led intervention, the more effective the attempt at quitting was. They found that community pharmacists were benefical in delivering public health information. Pharmacists have a great reach in the community to help with smoking cessation, and have proven to help with both lifestyle modifications and proper NRT use.