User:Nkchicago/sandbox

' PLEASE READ: This is my contribution to the Sibling Abuse page, which I completed beforehand on the Sibling Abuse page and then moved to my sandbox. Please refer directly to the Sibling Abuse page for the entire article. '

Risk factors
Jonathan Caspi identified and categorized the following risk factors that correlate to sibling aggression in Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment (2012).

Family system

 * Negative and conflictual parent-child relationships (Hoffman et al., 2005)
 * Parent hostility toward a child (Williams et al., 2007)
 * Spousal abuse, partner conflict, marital conflict (Haj-Yahia & Dawud-Noursi, 1998; Hotaling et al., 1990; Hoffman et al., 2005; Stocker & Youngblade, 1999)
 * Mother’s marital dissatisfaction and negative emotional expressiveness (Stocker et al., 1997)
 * Maternal self-criticism (Garcia et al., 2000; MacKinnon-Lewis et al., 1997; Volling & Belsky, 1992)
 * Financial stress (Hardy, 2001; Williams et al., 2007)
 * Low family cohesion, family disorganization and household chaos (Brody et al., 1994; Eriksen & Jensen, 2006; Kretschmer & Pike, 2009)
 * Husband’s losses of temper (Eriksen & Jensen, 2006)
 * Low maternal education (Ensor et al., 2000)
 * Family triangulation (Haskins, 2003; Kerig, 1995; Kiselica & Morrill-Richards, 2007)

Parenting behavior

 * Parental differential treatment of children (Dunn, 1991)
 * Fathers favoring later-born sisters (Updegraff et al., 2005)
 * Active and direct judgmental comparison (Feinberg & Hetherington, 2001)
 * Parents labeling their children “bad-good” and “easy-different” (Schachter, 1985; Schachter & Stone, 1985)
 * Low parental involvement, particularly by fathers (Updegraff et al., 2005)
 * Ineffective parenting (Bank et al., 2004)
 * Inconsistent discipline (Bank et al., 1996)
 * Coercive parenting (Means-Burleson, 2002)
 * Maternal coercive, rejecting, and over-controlling behaviors (Eriksen & Jensen, 2006; Yu, 2008)
 * Parental abuse of children (Button & Gealt, 2010; Wiehe, 1997)
 * Parent’s use of violence to resolve parent-child conflict (Graham-Berman et al., 1994)
 * Parental neglect and approval of aggression (Rosenthal & Doherty, 1984)
 * Corporal punishment (Eriksen & Jensen, 2006)
 * Not providing supervision (Whipple & Finton, 1995)
 * Not intervening in sibling conflict (Bennett, 1990)
 * Not acknowledging child-voiced claims of maltreatment (Wiehe, 1997)
 * Not reinforcing pro-social behaviors (Bryant & Crockenberg, 1980)
 * Restricting children’s efforts to diversify interests and specialization (Sulloway, 1996)

Offender

 * Lack of empathy for victims (Silverman, 1999)
 * Aggressive temperament (Munn & Dunn, 1988)
 * Lower or higher self-esteem than peers (Hanson et al., 1992; Graham-Bermann et al., 1994)
 * Unmet personal needs for physical contact in emotion-deprived environments (Bank & Kahn, 1997; Haskins, 2003)
 * Experience of victimization, including by siblings (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro, 2005)
 * Sibling care taking of younger brothers and sisters (Baum, 1998; Green, 1984)
 * Boredom (Prochaska & Prochaska, 1985)

Victim

 * Psychological distress such as anger, depression, and anxiety from violence victimization by siblings (linked to re-victimization) (Cuevas et al., 2010; Turner et al., 2010)

Birth order and age spacing

 * First-born child (Martin & Ross, 1995)
 * Imitating older sibling’s aggressive behavior (Patterson, 1986)
 * Task of care taking (Baum, 1998)
 * Close age spacing (Aguilar et al., 2001; Noland et al., 2004)

Gender

 * Presence of a male child (Ensor et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2005; Lockwood, 2002; Randall, 1992)
 * Older brother-younger sister pairs (Aguilar et al., 2001; Buhrmester, 1992; Button & Gealt, 2010; Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro, 2005; Graham-Berman et al., 1994)
 * Being female (Atwood, 2001)

Sociocultural background

 * Culture practices such as primogeniture and patriarchy (Hoffman & Edwards, 2004; Sulloway, 1996)
 * Disability (Hanson et al., 1992; Linares, 2006)
 * Family economic pressure (Williams et al., 2007)
 * Excessive sibling caregiving (Green, 1984)
 * Ethnic/cultural background (Rapoza et al., 2010)

Other factors

 * Parental alcoholism
 * Parental support of child aggression
 * Social glorification of violence in the media

Potential effects of sibling abuse
John V. Caffaro outlines the following effects that are related to sibling sexual abuse and sibling violence in Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults (2014).

Potential effects of sibling sexual abuse

 * Difficulty separating pleasure from pain and fear from desire in a sexual relationship (Whelan, 2003; Wiehe, 1997)
 * Depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, low self-esteem, and suicide (Canavan et al., 1992; Finkelhor, 1980; McVeigh, 2003; Rudd & Hertzeberger, 1999; Thompson, 2009; Wiehe, 1990; Worling, 1995)
 * Re-victimization in adulthood (Briere & Runtz, 1988; Russell, 1986)
 * Prostitution in later life (Bagley & Young, 1987; Harlan et al., 1981)
 * Difficulty in developing and sustaining intimate relationships (Briere, 1992; Courtois, 2010; Finkelhor et al., 1989)
 * Trouble negotiating boundaries, sexual issues, and interdependency in relationships (Caffaro, 2011)
 * Shame, fear, humiliation, anger, and guilt (Kiselica & Morrill-Richards, 2007)
 * Severe psychiatric disorders such as dissociative coping and complex post traumatic stress disorder (Briere et al., 2005; Brown, 2009; Putnam, 2003)
 * Wide variety of health and mental health issues (Felitti et al., 1998; Havig, 2008; Leeners et al., 2009; Monaghan & Forgash, 2000; Sickel et al., 2002; Stalker et al., 2005)
 * Significant problems with affect regulation, impulse control, somatization, sense of self, cognitive distortions, and problems with socialization (Putnam, 2003)
 * Higher risk of pregnancy than father-daughter incest (Carlson et al., 2006; Tidefors et al., 2010; Tremblay et al., 1999; Welfare, 2008)

Potential effects of sibling violence

 * Severe symptoms of trauma, anxiety, and depression, including sleeplessness, suicidal ideation, and fear of the dark (Finkelhor et al., 2006)
 * Loneliness and psychological difficulties (Duncan et al., 1996)
 * Aggression and delinquency (Garcia et al., 2000)

Preventing sibling abuse
Jonathan Caspi outlined the following prevention methods for children and families, educators and practitioners, researchers, and the culture at large in Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment (2012).

Children and families

 * Pro-social skill development to increase social-emotional competencies with siblings (Kennedy & Kramer, 2008; Kramer & Radey, 1997; Tiedemann & Johnston, 1992)
 * Parental training (U.S. Surgeon General, 2001)

Educators and practitioners

 * Addressing sibling relationships in the curriculum (Caspi, 2011)

Researchers

 * Giving attention to sibling relationships
 * Developing prevention programs in collaboration with practitioners

Culture at large

 * Not accepting sibling aggression as normal
 * Public awareness and educational campaigns
 * Making sibling aggression visible

Treatment of sibling abuse
John V. Caffaro outlines clinical best practices for treatment of sibling abuse in Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults (2014).
 * “Extra precautions to ensure the victim’s safety, such as locks on doors, increased adult supervision, and cooperation of parents, extended family members, and the community"
 * “Individual treatment for the victim and the offender, often with different clinicians possessing expertise in child abuse trauma"
 * "No conjoint sibling or family meetings with the offender until he or she has accepted full responsibility for the abuse and until the therapist is satisfied that the family can and will protect the victim from further abuse"