User:Nkrita/Soviet dissident movement

This is an attempted overview of the topic for myself, as well as a sandbox for material to expand articles such as Soviet dissidents.

Logic tree

 * Soviet Dissent (inakomyslyayushchie)
 * Counter-revolution / resitance / (NTS)
 * Soviet dissidents (dissidenty)
 * Civil and human rights movement (pravozashchitniki)
 * Russian national movement
 * Emigration movements
 * Soviet-German
 * Jewish/Refusenik
 * National/Self-determination movements
 * Ukrainian
 * Lithuanian
 * Estonian
 * Armenian
 * Crimean Tatar
 * Religious movements
 * Baptist
 * Pentecostalist
 * Adventists
 * Orthodox
 * "Second culture" / counterculture
 * Socio-Economical movements / independent unions
 * Women, Peace, Environment

??? Primarily Literary: Mandelshtam, Pasternak, Bulgakov, Brodsky, SMOG?

??? Soviet Nonconformist Art (Lianozovo etc.)

??? Sakharov

Chronology
Precursors:
 * Letter writing re:Pasternak etc
 * Pasternak

Landmarks:

(context)
 * Khrushchev’s “Secret Speech”: February 24-25 1956
 * Mayakovsky square poetry readings, 1958, 1961, 1965
 * Publication of Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, 1962

(begin)      // nathans: 'literary' dissent turns political
 * Arrest and trial of Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel 1965-1966
 * The "glasnost meeting" regarding the case on Soviet Constitution Day- December 5, 1965
 * Publication of Alexander Ginzburg’s White Book 1966

("trial literature" and pravozashchitniki)                      // nathans: turning from literary/moral dissent towards 'civil obedience'
 * Arrest of Alexander Ginzburg and Yuri Galanskov for the White Book
 * subsequent demonstration – 22 January 1967
 * podpisanty
 * The closed trial of Vladimir Bukovsky, and Pavel Litvinov's distribution of his "legalist" final statement – 1 September 1967
 * The establishment of the Chronicle of Current Events – first issue April 30, 1968

(human rights movement in narrow sense)             //   nathans:turning away from soviet law as leverage, towards international law
 * Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia and subsequent 1968 Red Square demonstration – 25 August 1968
 * Case against Chronicle of Current Events (Case 24) – (1973) --> dissidents going into the open
 * Early Human Rights watch groups:
 * Initiative
 * Committee
 * Amnesty
 * Helsinki Accords in 1975 and the subsequent establishment of Helsinki Monitoring Groups

(other)
 * The expulsion of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
 * The internal exile of Andrei Sakharov

Help with overview: Nathans youtu.be/2rMka3BnH2w?t=1362 Memorial http://memo.ru/history/diss/

Russian Wikipedia on pravozashchitniki

Petitions
Podpisanty, literally signatories, were individuals who signed a series of petitions against repression and re-Stalinization in 1967 and 1968. The podpisanty surge reached its high water mark during the trial of writers Aleksandr Ginzburg and Yuri Galanskov in January 1968. The authorities responded to this challenge by offering each podpisant a choice between recantation and some kind of professional punishment. Those who remained intransigent faced demotion or dismissal from work; party members faced expulsion.

Demonstrations
During the trial of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel in 1965, mathematician Alexandr Esenin-Volpin organized a "glasnost rally" calling for an open and fair trial for the writers. A similar demonstration was as a response to the Trial of the Four on 22 January, 1967.

The passage of two repressive amendments to the RSFSR Criminal Code, articles 190/1 (against the dissemination of ‘deliberately false statements derogatory to the Soviet state and social system’) and 190/3 (against ‘grave breaches of public order’), provoked protests. On 22 January 1967, a group of young demonstrators protesting against recent arrests. Their banners called for the release of the prisoners and the revision of the ‘anti-constitutional decree’ by which the Supreme Soviet had amended the Criminal Code.

In 1968, seven people demonstrated on Red Square against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968 Red Square demonstration). All of the participants were subsequently sentenced to labor camps or of psychiatric imprisonment.

The annual Day of the Political Prisoner in the USSR (30 October).

Samizdat
Of particular significance for the rights-defense movement were, such as A notice for Those to be Interrogated by Alexander Esenin-Volpin

Original documents to include in articles
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Since the mid-1970s, the independent Adventists published religious literature and human rights documents through the True Witness publishing house in Samarkand.GERLANT 137 At a press conference on May 11, 1978, Rostislav Galeckiy stated that the Free Adventists had formed a group

two years earlier that was active on legal issues and had already published 31 documents. He declared that the group would now abandon anonymity and carry out their activism openly and in public. After naming the seven members of the group, Galeckiy described their goals as follows: to submit protests and appeals to local authorities, international organizations, and the governments of Helsinki Agreement signatory states, as well as to work to educate their church members who were being persecuted on religious grounds about their legal rights. The group also provided assistance to the victims of persecution and their families.

At the same time as the Helsinki groups were formed, a number of committees were founded to work on behalf of religious rights.
 * In November 1978, five Lithuanian priests founded the Catholic Committee for the Defense of the Rights of Believers. The Committee published a number of declarations, including one protesting the new regulations on religious associations. During the Madrid Conference in November 1980, the Catholic Committee sent a declaration to the Helsinki Accord signatory states describing the violations of the rights of religious believers.GERLANT 137


 * On September 9, 1982, Josyp Terelya, who at the time lived in Transcarpathia, founded the Initiative Group for the Defense of Believers and the Church in the Ukraine.44 The Initiative Group fought for the legalization of the Ukrainian Uniate Church (UUC): “From now on, all information about the UUC will be conveyed to the international public – the Catholics of the world should know and should remember the conditions under which we exist.”45 The central demand of the group was the reopening of the churches, monasteries and convents of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, as well as the seminaries at Lviv and Uzhhorod, and to obtain permission to send Ukrainian theology students to study in Rome and other European cities.46 The Initiative Group for the Defense of Believers and the Church published the Chronicle of the Catholic Church in the Ukraine. After the second arrest of Josyp Terelya in February 1985, the Initiative Group disappeared from the historical record.GERLANT 137
 * At the same time as the Helsinki watch groups were formed, a number of "committees" were founded to work on behalf of religious rights. On December 27, 1976, Gleb Yakunin founded the Christian Committee for the Defense of the Rights of Believers in the USSR in Moscow. The group sought to collect and disseminate information about the situation of Orthodox Christians and other religious groups in the Soviet Union. The Committee also worked to reopen churches, monasteries and convents, and to defend the victims of religious persecution. Their founding declaration stated: “At present neither the episcopate of the Russian Orthodox Church nor the leaders of other religious organizations are defending the religious rights for various reasons. Under these circumstances, the Christian public must assume responsibility for the legal defense of religious rights.”   Yakunin was arrested and convicted for anti-Soviet agitation in August 1980.We call out to the world public, in the first place to the Soviet public. We appeal to all who feel the prick of conscience and are full of courage. Please demand an open reprimand for this shameful trial and the punishment of the defendants. Please Russia ask [the authorities] to observe all the provisions of law and to retry the defendants under international supervision.

To our citizens! This trial is a stain on the glory of our country and the conscience of each of us. What is in danger is not only the destiny of the three [sic] accused. Their trial is no better than the well-known trials of the 1930s. ... We hand this appeal to the Western progressive press and ask them to publish and broadcast it on the radio as soon as possible. We are not asking the Soviet Press because it is hopeless

Books human rights
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SMOG
http://russianliter.ru/file.cgi?id=441

1. Алейников, В. Д. Голос и свет, или СМОГ – самое молодое общество гениев / В. Д. Алейников. М, 2004. 504 с.

2. Антология самиздата // http://antology.igrunov.ru

3. Алексеева Л. Самиздат "Начиналось всё со стихов..." Фрагмент из книги "История инакомыслия в СССР" // http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/ALEXEEWA/index.htm

4. Батшев В. Интервью с поэтом СМОГа. Обойдемся без возждизма // http://www.litrossia.ru/2010/15/05162.html

5. Борисов, А. Леня, Ленечка Губанов, российский Рембо… / А. Борисов // Литературная газета. 1996. 11 дек.

6. Буковский В.К. И возвращается ветер… М.:АО "Демократическая Россия", 1990.// belousenkolib.narod.ru/Bukovsky/Wind.html

7. Величанский, А. Грядущий благовест / А. Величанский // Новое литературное обозрение. – 1996. – № 20.

8. 8. Веснина Б. «Лианозовская школа» // http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/112/1011261/1011261a1.htm

9. Журбин А.А. АВТОР И ЕГО ГЕРОЙ В СТИХОТВОРЕНИИ Л. ГУБАНОВА «ВАН ГОГ» // Анализ лирического стихотворения: сборник статей / под ред. Г.Г. Глинина, В.А. Емельянова. Астрахань, 2005. 10. Иванов Б. Эволюция литературных движений в 50-80 годы // Истоки ленинградской неподцензурной литературы: 1950-1980-е гг. Сб. ст. СПб., 2000. С. 17-28.

11. И барский ямб, и птичий крик. Генрих Сапгир беседует с Евгением Перемышлевым // Новое литературное обозрение». 1992, № 1.

12. Казак В. Лексикон русской литературы XX века. М., 1996. (См. статью «Самиздат»).

13. Кулаков В. Лианозово // ВЛ. 1991. № 3.

14. Кулаков В. Кулаков В. СМОГ: взгляд из 1996 года // Новое литературное обозрение. 1996. № 20.

15. Кулаков В. Лианозово. История одной поэтической группы // Кулаков В. Поэзия как факт. М., 1999.

16. Кривулин В. Золотой век самиздата // http://www.rvb.ru/np/publication/00.htm

17. Лианозовская группа. Истоки и судьбы. Сборник материалов и каталог выставки в Государственной Третьяковской галерее. 10.3–10.4.98. М., 1998.

18. ! Литературные манифесты XX века: от символизма до куртуазного маньеризма // http://www.teencity.ru/doc/?manifest

19. ! Малая антология СМОГа // Новое литературное обозрение. 1996. № 20.

20. ! НЛО. 1993. № 5. (см. подборку материалов о Лианозовской группе)

21. Оскар Рабин – Вал. Кропивницкая – Массимо Маурицио. «Никакой подпольной живописи у нас не было…» // Новое литературное обозрение». 2004. № 65.

22. Поликовская Л.В. "Мы - предчувствие, предтеча…". Площадь Маяковского:1958-1965. М.:Звенья, 1997. // www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/mayak/

23. Савицкий С. Андеграунд: История и мифы ленинградской неофициальной литературы. М., 2002.

24. Сапгир Г. ЛИАНОЗОВО И ДРУГИЕ (группы и кружки конца 50-х) // Арион. 1997. №3.

25. Седакова, О. О погибшем литературном поколении – памяти Лени Губанова // Волга. – 1990. – № 6.

26. Сенкевич А. Показания свидетелей защиты: Из истории русского поэтического подполья 1960-х. М., 1992.

27. Цесельчук Д. Материалы к биографии Леонида Губанова // http://moljane.narod.ru/Journal/03_1_mol/03_1_Gubbio.html