User:Nmohnatkin/sandbox

= Development and the Environment =

= Cool pavement = Cool pavement is pavement that delivers higher solar reflectance than conventional dark pavement. Conventional dark pavements contribute to urban heat islands as they absorb 80-95% of sunlight and warm the local air. Conventional dark pavements contribute to global warming because they radiate heat into the atmosphere. Cool pavements are made with different surfaces to increase albedo, thereby reflecting ultraviolet radiation out of the atmosphere. Increasing albedo reduces heat transfer to the surface and creates local cooling. The EPA reports "that if pavement reflectance throughout a city were increased from 10 to 35 percent, the air temperature could potentially be reduced by 1°F (0.6°C)." Existing dark pavement can be restored to increase albedo through whitetopping or by adding reflective coats and seals. New pavement can be constructed to increase albedo by using modified mixes, permeable pavements, and vegetated pavements.

Benefits

 * Reduction in Energy Usage. Energy usage is reduced as local temperatures are cooled. Lower temperatures allow air conditioners to cool buildings with less energy. Temperature reductions attributed to increased pavement albedo in Los Angeles resulted in over $90 million per year in savings. Reflective pavement also reduces energy at night as they demand lower street light usage.
 * Improvement in Air Quality. A reduction in energy usage would lower greenhouse emissions and air pollution (dependent on electric power fuel mix). Lower temperatures would also slow chemical reactions that create smog. Surabi Menon and Hashem Akbari in 2007 estimated that an increase of global pavement albedo of 35 to 39 percent could reduce carbon dioxide emissions worth about $400 billion.
 * Improvement in Water Quality. Permeable pavements reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water to soak into the pavement and soil. Permeable pavements can reduce runoff by up to 90 percent. Reducing runoff minimizes sewer overflows and stream scouring. Permeable pavements also act as a filter, removing dust, dirt, and pollutants from the water before it seeps into the Earth's groundwater.
 * Increased Quality of Life. Lower temperatures reduce heat-related illnesses and illnesses from the formation of smog. Permeable pavements can "enhance safety because better drainage reduces water spray from moving vehicles, increases traction, and may improve visibility by draining water that increases glare."

Consequences

 * Considerable variation in unit price. Cool pavement costs vary as a result of numerous factors:
 * The region
 * Local climate
 * Contractor
 * Time of year
 * Accessibility of the site
 * Underlying soils
 * Project size
 * Expected traffic
 * The desired life of the pavement
 * Greater Cost Than Dark Pavement.
 * According to the FHWA, the cost of porous pavement is approximately 10 to 15 percent higher than the cost of regular asphalt, and porous concrete is about 25 percent more expensive than regular concrete.

Development and the Environment Peer Reviews
= #electionnight = Articles edited:

Henry Stern

Tammy Duckworth (added percentage that she won by)

Kamala Harris

Sources added:

http://www.dailynews.com/government-and-politics/20160607/election-2016-steve-fazio-and-henry-stern-advance-in-senate-district-27-race

http://graphics.latimes.com/la-na-pol-2016-election-results-california/

http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/ct-illinois-senate-election-kirk-duckworth-met-1109-20161108-story.html

= Article #1 = New sources added:

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=10&sid=635d1f93-740e-4258-b3ff-a51235214e8d%40sessionmgr103&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=117449818&db=asu

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/30/bernie-sanders-confirms-presidential-run-and-damns-americas-inequities

http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2015/05/26/berniesanders/27955299/

https://berniesanders.com/issues/

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/04/03/sanders_people_ask_me_to_go_after_hillary_clinton_for_fbi_investigation_and_foundation_money_but_i_wont.html

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=c229c2b5-e5fc-4528-b547-10dda50e0dc4%40sessionmgr103&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=114806413&db=a9h

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=c229c2b5-e5fc-4528-b547-10dda50e0dc4%40sessionmgr103&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=109990228&db=bth

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-hanley/bernie-sanders-has-alread_b_9671406.html

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=98cbe44f-ae5a-48d7-a7bb-94b308e8d8fd%40sessionmgr102&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=f5h&AN=115322197

Scholarly http://berkeleyjournal.org/2014/11/bringing-the-organization-back-in-social-media-and-social-movements/

= Grassroots =

Old paragraph:

A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a political movement) as defined by Webster's Dictionary, is one which uses the people in a given district as the basis for a political or economic movement. Grassroots movements and organizations utilize collective action from the local level to affect change at the local, regional, national, or international level. Grassroots movements are associated with bottom-up, rather than top-down decision making, and are sometimes considered more natural or spontaneous than more traditional power structures. Grassroots movements utilize a variety of strategies from fundraising and registering voters, to simply encouraging political conversation. Goals of specific movements vary, but the movements are consistent in their focus on increasing mass participation in politics.

New paragraph:

A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a political movement) is one which uses the people in a given district as the basis for a political or economic movement. Grassroots movements and organizations utilize collective action from the local level to affect change at the local, regional, national, or international level. Grassroots movements are associated with bottom-up, rather than top-down decision making, and are sometimes considered more natural or spontaneous than more traditional power structures. Grassroots movements, using self-organization, encourages community members to contribute by taking responsibility and action for their community. Grassroots movements utilize a variety of strategies from fundraising and registering voters, to simply encouraging political conversation. Goals of specific movements vary, but the movements are consistent in their focus on increasing mass participation in politics.

Rearranging the order of the headings:

Old order:

Movement in politics and activism

UK grassroots aid movement

History

Astroturfing

Use in sport

Current examples

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Proposed new order:

History

Strategies of Grassroots Movements (Previously "Movement in politics and activism")

Popular examples (will include UK grassroots aid movement among others)

Criticisms (Will include astroturfing)

See Also (Will include use in sport)

References

Further reading

External Links

Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016
"Main article: Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016"The junior United States Senator and former Representative from Vermont, Bernie Sanders, formally announced his 2016 presidential campaign on May 26, 2015 on the foundation of reversing "obscene levels" of income and wealth inequality. Sanders stated that he would run an issue-oriented and positive campaign, focusing his efforts on getting corporate money out of politics, raising taxes on the wealthy, guaranteeing tuition-free high education, incorporating a single-payer healthcare system, fighting for climate change, and other key issues.

Senator Sanders sparked a grassroots movement by demonstrating honesty, commitment, and by presenting himself as a genuine politician. Sanders didn't have the resources to run a massive presidential campaign across the United States, so he utilized passionate volunteer organizers across the nation to build the movement. Millions inspired by Sanders were able to elevate the campaign to challenge the Democratic front-runner, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who heavily contrasted Sanders because of her ties to big money. Sanders used his grassroots campaign to receive more than 7 million individual contributions averaging $27, effectively breaking Barack Obama's previous individual contribution record in 2008.

Issues with horizontal movements
Grassroots movements are usually criticized because the recent rise in social media has resulted in leaderless and horizontal movements. Social movements without a clear hierarchy are far less effective and are more likely to die off.

= Article #2 = New sources added:

https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/health-care-reform/cpc-releases-health-care-principles/

Scholarly http://jhppl.dukejournals.org/content/39/1/57

http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/healthcare/246459-sanders-calls-for-single-payer-healthcare

http://www.dailycamera.com/news/boulder/ci_30479825/bernie-sanders-boulder-residents-stand-tall-and-vote

Scholarly http://asr.sagepub.com/content/76/4/513.abstract

Scholarly http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/roiw.12153/abstract

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=acc95c53-c01b-4106-973b-00985e8b3a82%40sessionmgr104&hid=114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=edsgcl.445554478&db=edsglr

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=214030dc-b494-4400-8415-c5a0236e82b5%40sessionmgr104&hid=114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=99389508&db=bth

Scholarly http://eml.berkeley.edu//~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=4208ad40-9b6d-4514-8df2-8a4f38d96226%40sessionmgr106&vid=0&hid=114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=bth&AN=111526716

Scholarly http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=88108dc0-09f3-4a5e-8a86-69dcfaace012@sessionmgr4009&hid=4108

https://berniesanders.com/yes-glass-steagall-matters-here-are-5-reasons-why/

https://berniesanders.com/issues/reforming-wall-street/

Scholarly http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/23/5-facts-about-the-minimum-wage/

Scholarly http://cepr.net/documents/publications/min-wage1-2012-03.pdf

https://ourrevolution.com/issues/a-living-wage/

https://ballotpedia.org/California_%22Fair_Wage_Act_of_2016%22_$15_Minimum_Wage_Initiative_(2016)#Senate_Bill_3

http://fightfor15.org/

= Progressivism in the United States =

Mitigating Income Inequality
Income inequality in the United States has been on the rise since 1970, as the wealthy continue to hold more and more wealth and income. For example, 95% of income gains since 2009 have went to the top 1% of wage earners in the United States. Progressives have recognized that lower union rates, weak policy, globalization, and other drivers have caused the gap in income. The rise of income inequality has led Progressives to draft legislation including, but not limited to, reforming Wall Street, reforming the tax code, reforming campaign finance, closing loopholes, and keeping domestic work.

Wall Street Reform
Progressives began to demand stronger Wall Street regulation after previous deregulation and relaxed enforcement led to the financial crisis of 2008. Passing the Dodd-Frank financial regulatory act in 2010 provided increased oversight on financial institutions and the creation of new regulatory agencies, but many Progressives argue its broad framework allows for financial institutions to continue to take advantage of consumers and the government. Bernie Sanders, among others, has advocated to reimplement Glass-Steagall for its stricter regulation and to break up the banks because of financial institutions' oligopolistic market share.

Health Care Reform
In 2009, the Congressional Progressive Caucus outlined five key healthcare principles they wanted to pass into law. The CPC mandated a nation-wide public option, affordable health insurance, insurance market regulations, an employer insurance provision mandate, and comprehensive services for children. In March of 2010, Congress passed the Affordable Care Act, which was meant to increase the affordability and efficiency of the United States healthcare system. Although considered a success to progressives, many argued that it didn't go far enough in achieving healthcare reform, like the Democrats' failure in achieving a national public option. Single-payer healthcare has become an important goal in healthcare reform for progressives. Progressive Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders raised the issue of a single-payer healthcare system after recognizing that millions of Americans are still paying too much for health insurance, and millions more don't receive the care they need. Although it failed to pass, Amendment 69, an initiative that was on the November 8, 2016 ballot in Colorado, was an effort made by progressives to implement a single-payer healthcare system in the state. Bernie Sanders held rallies in Colorado in support of the Amendment leading up to the vote.

Minimum Wage
Adjusted for inflation, the minimum wage peaked in 1968 at $8.54 (in 2014 dollars). Progressives believe that stagnating wages perpetuate income inequality and raising the minimum wage is a necessary step to combat inequality. If the minimum wage grew at the rate of productivity growth in the United States, it would be $21.72 an hour, nearly three times as much as the current $7.25 an hour. Popular progressives, such as Bernie Sanders and Keith Ellison, have endorsed a federally mandated wage increase to $15 an hour. The movement has already succeeded in California with the passing of bill to raise the minimum wage $1 every year until it reaches $15 an hour in 2021. New York workers are fighting for similar legislation as tens of thousands are rallying for a minimum wage increase as part of the Fight for $15 movement.

= Article #3 = Sources I've added to existing text:

Scholarly https://www.corwin.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/11717_Chapter1.pdf

Scholarly http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=16962acc-b30e-4991-81af-6489a9a8188a%40sessionmgr107&hid=114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=91615955&db=bth

Scholarly http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=45e11c91-b53c-43d6-bbb7-9ce52e1ff240%40sessionmgr4006&hid=4108&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=114899683&db=a9h

https://www.unodc.org/documents/brussels/UN_Convention_Against_Corruption.pdf

= Campaign finance =

This article has multiple issues I have worked on fixing:
 * 1) This article is written like an opinion essay
 * 2) The examples and perspectives do not represent a worldwide view of the subject
 * 3) The article's introduction may be too long for the length of the article
 * 4) The article covers topics briefly, quickly moving from country to country
 * 5) There is a small amount of citations
 * 6) Users have directly plagiarized from texts

First paragraph of introduction:

Campaign finance refers to all funds raised in order to promote candidates, political parties, or policies in elections, referendums, initiatives, party activities, and party organizations. The funds could also detract from the opponents of the above. Campaign funds is the subject heading under which all books dealing with money in politics are catalogued by the Library of Congress. Other nations use other terms for the subject and offer a broader perspective. Cross-national comparisons prefer the more comprehensive "political finance", researchers in continental Europe use "party finance". All of them deal with "the costs of democracy", a term coined by G. Alexander Heard for his famous analysis of campaign finance in the U.S.

Revised first paragraph of introduction:

Campaign finance refers to all funds raised to promote candidates, political parties, or policy initiatives and referenda. "Political finance" is also popular terminology, and is used internationally for its comprehensiveness. Campaign finance deals with "the costs of democracy", a term coined by G. Alexander Heard for his famous analysis of campaign finance in the U.S.

Second paragraph of introduction:

Political campaigns have many expenditures, such as the cost of travel of candidates and staff, political consulting, and/or the direct costs of communicating with voters. The types and purposes of campaign spending depends on the region. For instance, in the United Kingdom, television advertising is provided to campaigning parties for free and limited by law, while in the United States, it is one of the biggest expenses in the campaign budget, especially for statewide and national campaigns.

Revised second paragraph of introduction:

Political campaigns have many expenditures, such as the cost of travel of candidates and staff, political consulting, and the direct costs of communicating with voters via media outlets. Campaign spending depends on the region. For instance, in the United States, television advertising time must be purchased by campaigns, whereas in other countries, it is provided for free.

Third paragraph of introduction:

In the U.S. the campaign, political action committee (PAC), and super PAC are adequate terms to identify the units that raise and spend money for political purposes. In some countries (including the European countries, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Israel) the political party (comprising its headquarters, branches and chapters) is a useful concept to identify and aggregate the multitude of entities that raise and spend political funds. Parties run national headquarters, constituency associations, regional branches and local chapters as well as offices in the field. Each of these units collects revenue and incurs expenses that are used to fund political competition.

Revised third paragraph of introduction:

Political parties, charitable organizations, and political action committees (in the United States) are vehicles used in aggregating funds to keep campaigns alive.

(I am moving the above into the first paragraph)

Fourth paragraph of introduction:

When James K. Pollock and Louise Overacker began to analyze the role of money in politics, they started in the U.S., looking at the money that was spent in order to influence the outcome of federal elections. Their take-off point has dominated perception of the subject by U.S. citizens, media people and scholars ever since.

Revised fourth paragraph of introduction:

The need to raise money to maintain expensive political campaigns diminishes ties to a representative democracy because of the influence large contributors have over politicians.

(I am moving the above to go at the end of the third paragraph)

Fifth paragraph of introduction:

Although the political science literature indicates that most contributors give to support parties or candidates with whom they are already in agreement, there is wide public perception that donors expect illegitimate government favors in return (such as specific legislation being enacted or defeated), so some have come to equate campaign finance with political corruption and bribery. These views have led some governments to reform fundraising sources and techniques in the hope of eliminating perceived undue influence being given to monied interests. Another tactic is for the government, rather than private individuals and organizations, to provide funding for campaigns. Democratic countries have differing regulations on what types of donations to political parties and campaigns are acceptable.

Revised fifth paragraph of introduction:

Although the political science literature indicates that most contributors give to support parties or candidates with whom they are already in agreement,  there is wide public perception that donors expect government favors in return. (such as specific legislation being enacted or defeated), so some have come to equate campaign finance with political corruption and bribery. These views have led governments to reform campaign financing in the hope of eliminating big money influence.

Work on Regulation:

First two paragraphs:

The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is an independent regulatory agency that is responsible for implementing campaign finance laws in the United States and monitoring campaigns to ensure they are abiding by the regulations.

The concept of political finance can affect various parts of a society's institutions which support governmental and social success. Correct handling of political finance impacts a country's ability to effectively maintain free and fair elections, effective governance, democratic government and regulation of corruption. The United Nations convention against Corruption, recognizing this, encouraged its members to "enhance transparency in the funding of candidatures for elected public office and, when applicable, the funding of political parties." Throughout the world countries have identified the problems which improper use of political finance could entail. When conducting a study pursuing and understanding of what international civil society has determined integral to regulation of political finance, Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai identified several common understandings by these organizations:

Revised paragraphs:

The concept of political finance can affect various parts of a society's institutions which support governmental and social success. Correct handling of political finance impacts a country's ability to effectively maintain free and fair elections, effective governance, democratic government and regulation of corruption. The United Nations convention against Corruption, recognizing this, encouraged its members to "enhance transparency in the funding of candidatures for elected public office and, when applicable, the funding of political parties." When conducting a study pursuing and understanding of what international civil society has determined integral to regulation of political finance, Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai identified several common understandings by certain governments:

= Peer Review - Riley Bathauer = Article 1

For Paragraph 1: I like the edit and definitely agree to take "according to websters" out. It doesn't read too different, just a little better, might have someone who wrote the original a little annoyed. The order rearrangement is on point. Your Sanders addition seems to be right on point - I look forward to seeing how that comes together. I would however make sure to cite the difference clearly between Sanders and the New Progressive movements in the US.

Article 2

Although considered a success to progressives, many argued that it didn't go far enough in achieving healthcare reform, like the Democrats' failure in achieving a national public option. Single-payer healthcare has become an important goal in healthcare reform for progressives. Progressive Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders raised the issue of a single-payer healthcare system, he believes after recognizing that millions of Americans are still paying too much for health insurance, and millions more don't receive the care they need. (a little biased sounding, I would take out the word "recognizing") Bernie Sanders has also come out to rally support for Amendment 69, an initiative that will be on the November 8, 2016 ballot in Colorado. Amendment 69 will implement a single-payer healthcare system in the Colorado if passed.

''Although considered a success to many progressives, some progressives argued that the Act did not go far enough to reform healthcare, they likened the Affordable Care Act to the Democrats' failure to achieving a national public option under President Bill Clinton. ''

Article 3

Your proposals seem rooted and justified, will need to see final result before I can really peer edit however.

Response to Peer Review
Article 1

I agree, I took out the "according to websters" because it was irrelevant and because the reader could check where the definition came from. I think being concise is a big deal when writing articles. I'll be sure to note some differences and cite them when I discuss the New Progressive movements that surrounded his campaign, and ones that spun off from them.

Article 2

I agree with the strikethroughs you made. They make the edits concise and effective.