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Knowledge, Perceptions, Attitudes towards Dietary Goals and Actual Dietary Intakes of Rugby Athletes in the UK Discussion Methodology/ Demographics In broad terms, the study was able to use a relatively large sample size as per the research design at 30 semi-professional male rugby athletes. Regarding the age target group of the athlete participants, the study used male rugby players aged 18 to 32. The aim of selecting this age group was to identify athletes who were still extensively active in the rugby game and thus their regular dietary routine was highly associated with their sporting activities which improved the accuracy of tests. Similar approaches were made by other authors that targeted athlete participants and rugby players between the ages of 16 to 35 (Trakman et al. 10a; Alaunyte et al. 2). Also, the use of one gender sample ensured that the results were more specific and minimised ambiguity if one gender in the sample contains a higher number than the other making it unrepresentative. The approach was supported by Trakman et al. (10a) that found a higher rate of heterogeneity while measuring knowledge, perception, and attitude of athlete participants. As such, by focusing on one gender, the study reduced the heterogeneity problem identified by previous researchers (Trakman et al. 10a; Żyła et al. 36). Assess the Overall Nutritional Knowledge of Semi-Professional Rugby Players Using NKQ The study identified based on the knowledge scores of the rugby players that there were variations across the different nutritional diet categories. The rugby players scored the highest in weight management, alcohol use, macronutrients, and sports nutritional diet. However, the participants scored the lowest in micronutrients and supplements. As such, the research-backed the opinion that current athlete participants' knowledge, cognition and attitude are substantially poor. It was also noted that individuals trained and familiar with healthy food are more inclined to act on their balanced dietary decisions. Hence rugby players needed such training and development. (Argus et al. 679; Trakman et al. 648b). Coaches, trainers, and other administrative leaders have been linked to such low knowledge scores among rugby players. Issues regarding proper nutrition have been identified as vital for modern-day sports, and various investigations have been carried. Alaunyte et al. (2) supported this when they concluded that it was important to ensure that awareness, expectations, and attitudes towards sports nutrition were understood and well-controlled. During the initial rise in awareness of the importance of proper nutrition the basic concepts of the diet were widely spread and explains the average to a higher score on weight management, alcohol use, macronutrients, and sports nutrition (Devlin et al. 130). However, after this phase, various learning bodies and authorities have ceased implementing education programs and training on specific micronutrients and supplementary diets. The consequence is that various individuals, especially athlete participants, lack basic information on specific micronutrients and supplementary diets. The study also evaluated various food preferences and their consumption frequency to gain a better understanding of the rugby players’ knowledge, perception, and attitude of proper nutrition, as shown in table 3. For beef, the rugby players preferred eating it 2 to 4 times per week, fish at once a week, white bread at less than a month, milk once a day, fruits once a day, lentils once a month, and low-calorie drinks once a month. As such, based on the results, it is clear there is a significant preference for protein meals that has a higher perception and attitude towards improving productivity and performance in their sport. Carbohydrates were identified as being secondary important towards improved sporting productivity and performance. White bread, wholemeal bread, pasta, potatoes, and other carbohydrate-rich foods were consumed lesser per day and week. Trakman et al. (11b) and Tam et al. (1769) disagreed with this when they noted that 100% of instructors and athlete participants understood that carbohydrate sources were pasta, crackers, and bread. Vegetables, fruits, salads, fruit juice, lentils, and others were identified as third important among the rugby players. As such, this study is in line with Trakman et al. (11b) who assert rugby player knowledge, perception, and attitude are that protein foods are more important for their productivity and performance while vegetables and fruits are the least. However, this was contrary to the Eatwell guide that recommended 33% of starchy foods, fruits, and vegetables, 15% milk and dairy foods, 12% of eggs, beans, fish, and only 8% of sugar or fatty drinks (Alaunyte et al. 2). Hence, this shows that the knowledge, perception, and attitude of rugby players in the United Kingdom are relatively low and poor. In a different research location, Devlin and Belski (16) and Lohman et al. (294) disagreed with this and claimed that 80 per cent of Australian athlete participants knew that fats had to be unsaturated to be safe. Evaluate the Dietary Intakes of the Rugby Team Using FFQ’s As identified earlier, measuring knowledge, perception, and attitude of a nutritional diet is affected by significant heterogeneity and to address this issue the study correlated various variables to ensure the problem was minimised (Trakman et al. 10a). As per the Fisher exact test, rugby players with higher education levels preferred beef, apples, and bananas. As such, education correlated with specific nutritional diet preferences. In contrast, participants that had people depending on them consumed less beef and peanut butter but ate more fruit squash. Trakman et al. (6b) supported this when they concluded that higher levels of nutritional diet among coaches and athlete participants who had completed simple nutritional dietary courses than those who did not have such experience. As such, rugby players that had lower income or spending power saw a reduction in their protein consumption but increased their fruit and vegetables nutritional diet. The results thus hold the argument that the lack of nutritional dietary skills training contributed significantly to the misunderstandings about weight loss management (Westerterp et al. 1246; Potgieter et al. 36) The occurrence was due to proteins such as beer or fish being more expensive than cheap fruits and vegetables. However, it was found that players with previous proper nutrition education saw an increase in their vegetable consumption. Such findings offer insight into how some of the misconceptions identified by previous authors started and continued being applied. For example, it was found that many non-elite athlete participants and elite players argued that one could not lose weight by reducing their consumption rate, which was false (Trakman et al. 11a). In addition, it was believed that that acidic food like grapefruit helped in losing weight, which is a misconception (Trakman et al. 11a; Westerterp et al. 1246). The results show that lower education levels and lack of proper nutrition training were a significant cause for low knowledge, perception, and attitude of nutritional diet and its misconceptions.

The study was able to identify variations in micronutrient intake by the rugby players the same as a macronutrient. The study was highly extensive in its micronutrient analysis, expanding on studies that analysed a few or one (Trakman et al. 12a; Tam et al. 1769). For iron, the reference nutrient intake was 8.7, of which the rugby players consumed nearly 6.6, table 5. For calcium, the reference nutritional diet was 1000, which the rugby players took half. Vitamin C reference nutritional diet was 40, and the rugby players took 61.2. The phenomenon was also noted in a study that found a 56% iron micronutrient score among athletes, 100% vitamin C and 98% iron deficiency (Argus et al. 679; Trakman et al. 648b). As such, the rugby players had higher knowledge, perception, and attitude on these micronutrients. However, the rugby players consumed less fibre, sodium, vitamin A, and Vitamin D. The findings show that for common micronutrients, the knowledge, perception, and attitude were high but for uncommon ones, it was significantly (Trakman et al. 644b; Tam et al. 1769). For example, the low vitamin D correlated with the Vitamin D deficiency crisis in the United Kingdom (Sekulic et al. 1). The main cause for low micronutrient knowledge, perception, and attitude was a lack of awareness on standardised nutritional diet frameworks and their education. The impact of this has seen various people, including rugby players, being affected by deficiency diseases that reduce their productivity and performance. Analyse the Relationship Between Dietary Intakes and Current International ACSM Sports Nutrition Guidelines Based on the macronutrient intake of the rugby players and in comparison to the recommended daily intake, there was a significant variation as detailed in table 4. For the energy levels needed by the rugby players, ACSM directs that they intake enough for their daily tasks and recovery and as such have automatically achieved this requirement. However, ACSM suggests 1.2 to 2.0g/kg BW protein consumption of which the rugby players’ intake was relatively higher. For carbohydrates, ACSM recommended 5 to 10g/kg per BW, but the rugby players’ intake was relatively low. Saturated fat by ACSM was 11%, but it was slightly higher for the rugby players, saturated fat intake was also higher. As such, based on the macronutrient intake of the rugby players, it is clear that their knowledge, perception, and attitude was significantly low. Also, it shows that rugby players in the United Kingdom are less aware of the ACSM guidelines. Also, it supported previous findings that rugby players focused on carbohydrates diets without knowledge of standardised recommendations (Alaunyte et al. 2). The impact of this was that the rugby players failed to capitalise on the benefits of proper nutrition and even experienced its negative effects on their sports productivity and performance. As such, a standardised framework concerning healthy and balanced meals was essential (Sekulic et al. 2). Also, Burrows et al. (1) concurred with this view by arguing that a clear program for the nutritionally healthy meals was essential. Rugby players undertake energy-demanding tasks, and their macronutrient requirements also increase. However, with such disproportional nutritional diet consumption compared to the recommended standards, it has negative effects on their productivity and performance and body health as well. Explore any Relationship Between Nutritional Knowledge and dietary intakes of Semi-Professional Rugby Players The research also examined how these factors are influencing healthy nutritional awareness that frequently affected stakeholders' dietary choices to address huge gaps found in various research (Lohman et al. 294; Alaunyte et al. 2). As identified in Tables 8 and 9, nutritional knowledge had a higher significance to meat products, vegetables, cereals, alcoholic drinks, nuts, fats, and oils. As such, rugby players with higher levels of nutritional diet knowledge consumers these meals at a higher variance than those with poor knowledge. Devlin and Belski (16) supported this view by arguing that 80 per cent of Australian olympian participants, most being educated, knew that fats needed to be unsaturated to be healthy. The trend shows an attempt by the good nutritional diet group to conform with the Eatwell guide that recommended 33% of starchy foods, fruits, and vegetables, 15% milk and dairy foods, 12% of eggs, beans, fish and only 8% of sugar or fatty drinks (Alaunyte et al. 2). Further, rugby players have different perceptions and attitudes in terms of food groups that constitute a healthy nutritional diet. Among the various inputs, there was a higher discussion on macronutrients rather than micronutrients. Argus et al. (679) agreed with the results and reported it is very important for athletes to include macronutrients in their eating habits since macronutrient intake provides adequate energy sportsmen and women need to accomplish their sporting events. The insights were confirmed by subsequent research that demonstrated that eating habits should take into account the needs for athletic excellence and dietary requirements for sustainable health and performance. (Clarke et al. 42; Lohman et al. 294). The main macronutrient that showed positive perception and attitude from the rugby players included protein, vegetables, fruits, vitamins. However, for the vitamin micronutrients, there were few discussions on the types of vitamins such as A, D, C, and others. The occurrence showed that proper nutrition education on micronutrients was significantly low in the United Kingdom’s rugby sports and needed to be addressed. Nevertheless, Trakman et al. (12b) disagreed with this interpretation by claiming that almost 72% of college athlete participants understood that vitamins did not supply the body with energy. In addition, their actual consumption of these micronutrients was significantly low based on their inputs that saw consist of mainly macronutrient carbohydrates and proteins. The preferred diets included chicken, steak, broccoli, apples, bananas, pasta, rice, potatoes, oats, eggs, nuts, and yoghurt. As such, among rugby players, there is a higher preference for macronutrient nutritional diet than micronutrients. The impact of these is that the athlete participants are more prone to vitamin deficiency diseases and explains such high cases in the United Kingdom, such as vitamin D deficiency (Sekulic et al. Investigate Attitudes, Perceptions, and Challenges Towards Dietary Goals Identified by Players Using Questionnaires and How These Relate to Dietary Intake Among the rugby players, there was a strong perception and attitude that they individually needed to prepare their meals and saw all of them can cook table 2. However, concerning their beliefs and who had to take more responsibility in cooking and shopping for balanced nutritional diets, there was a variation. The majority did agree that individually it was their role, an average stated that it was their partners, and few believed it was equal to their partners and parents, table 2. Imamura et al. (2) and Gibson et al. 2218 supported the individual role results by showing that there are various players in a rugby team and all must meet the food requirements of routine high - intensity exercise while also guaranteeing that they do have an eating plan that fulfils the extra needs of their growth and progress. Also, Alaunyte et al. (2) and Stokes et al. (4) have argued that the athletic community was involved and conducted inquiries into the most appropriate dietary diet for their athletes, which supports this specific role importance. As such, the nutritional diet of rugby players was significantly affected by their close associates as well when that role was subjected to them. The same phenomenon was found by Stokes et al. (4) when they noted that in general determinants of nutritional diet for male rugby players, family and peers had a significant influence. The result of this study demonstrates that the majority of rugby players do not have dietary knowledge even though many of them are educated. According to Imamura et al. (2) and Gibson et al. 2218, among rugby players diet problems are starting to arise among many who have a greater degree of physical activities and low knowledge, perception and attitude was a significant contributor. Further, this study’s findings point out that the largest percentage of the participants do not know how they can access consultation with nutritionists or dietitians. Alaunyte et al. (2) have learned that health and nutrition diet knowledge score was 72.82 per cent among rugby players, nutritional diet advice efficiency was 85.71 per cent, disagreeing with the results. Additionally, others considered themselves to have good knowledge about their dietary requirements. Concerning the perception and attitude of proper nutrition, the participants showed to agree that proper nutrition was essential for increased productivity and performance in daily and sporting activities. Dziedzic and Higham (305) and Burrows et al. (2) agreed with these findings and established that diet plans must provide proper nutritional diet knowledge, perception and attitude for continued growth requirements while still maintaining the required resistance training and energy consumption. However, when asked what a healthy diet was, many gave generalised views such as ‘a good mix of all food groups’. The study also revealed that athlete participants understand the importance of proper nutrition but less in its implementation and practical use. Investigate Population’s Attitude and Practices Towards “Performance-Enhancing” Supplements and Factors Influencing Their Use via Questionnaire The study also found that rugby players had a positive perception and attitude towards PES use, but only a few practised the approach. Sekulic et al. (2) agreed with this when they argued that there were different variations and preferences between performance enhancer diets used by athlete people taking part. As such, the study findings disagreed with Brinkman's et al. (2760) that people involved in athletes have no care for their nutritional intake, or have little understanding, perception and attitude of structured proper nutritional systems, especially supplemental use. Concerning PES, the study found insignificant correlations between it and demographic factors being analysed. Nonetheless, it was found that for rugby players that knew that PES was mandatory for athlete participants, they had a higher rate of its use. Knapik et al. (105) asserted that there was a considerable lack of knowledge among participants about their efficacy and proper use in supplementation nutrition. Various other variables impact the knowledge, perception, and attitude of proper PES nutrition. The most significant ones included dietary input, health qualification, and education level. As such, rugby players with the highest education level, together with specialised training or exposure to a nutritional diet, are most likely to showcase excellent diet habits. The realisation shows the importance of having education programs that focus on proper nutrition to assist athlete participants improve their productivity and performance. Bradley et al. (470) and Bouhlel et al. (617) shared this view and found rugby players need proper diet knowledge, perception and attitude plus resources required to establish a safe medium- and long - term diet goals. The findings also showed significant variations across micronutrients, supplements, weight management, alcohol use, macronutrients, and sports nutritional diet. As such, it shows the need for specialised training programs on proper nutrition that needs to be broken down into micronutrients, supplements, weight management, alcohol use, macronutrients, and sports nutritional diet. Guță et al. (36) and Knapik et al. (105) confirmed these results by stating that supplement diets have gained traction among athletes after the principles of proper nutrition have gained momentum in the field of sport and science. The research results also correspond with observations that diet plans and eating habits and food consumption during rugby exercises are essential to improve long-term performance, as well as to maintain healthy body weight. (Ball, Halaki, and Orr 1012). Examples of particular PES nutritional diet plan targets may include a reduction of body weight, a shift in caloric intake, or an improvement in exercise efficiency (Stanojevic-Ristić et al. 3). The right kind of food, strength, nutrients, and fluids are needed for maintaining the body's good hydration and its high functioning. Coronavirus One of the crucial benefits of using the interview participants was the ability to explore knowledge that had been previously not being planned or expected. Towards the discussions with the rugby players, there was significant mention of how the coronavirus had affected their sporting and nutritional diet plans. It was noted that with the coronavirus, the challenges of meeting nutritional diet goals mentioned had increased significantly. Motivation has reduced drastically; appetite had shrunk, social network disrupted, increased stresses, financial constraints, and others were such barriers. Bouhlel et al. (618) and Bradley et al. (470) agreed that peer pressure and other social norms significantly affect feeding habits and plans of rugby players. In addition, the coronavirus is relatively new, and there is a significant gap in how rugby players can adjust their nutritional diet to ensure they maintain their healthy, body mass, and sporting productivity and performance. In addition, the coronavirus had impacted their income level, and as identified earlier, it had a resounding impact on the choice of diets. As such, diets such as beef, fish, and other heavy protein foods are and expected to continue reducing until the situation is brought under control. The ingestion of proteins is especially useful in improving and preserving body mass (Alaunyte et al. 2; Devlin and Belski 16). Hence, it is expected that rugby players, especially the semi-professionals that lower-income and training resources may see a reduction in their productivity and performance. Limitations of the Study Irrespective of the success of the study, it did encounter challenges that need to be recognised. The study targeted a sample size of thirty semi-professional male volunteer rugby athletes aged between the ages of 18- and 32-years old living in the United Kingdom. However, twenty-four of twenty-seven agreed to participate in the data collection process. As such, the study did face some attrition bias as some participants withheld their information at a rate of 8%. The results were affected, but a significant number of the target did offer their input and helped the research achieve its set objectives. In addition, the study decided to factor incomplete responses from the participants. The assumption was that the participants had no recollection of the question being answered, but other factors such as misunderstanding the question and hidden agendas could have played a part in their decision making processes of not answering those questions.

The study aimed to be highly ethical in its approach and as such, offered anonymous digital codes for the questionnaire participants. However, during the online sky interview session, it was difficult to blind the participants as they were physically visible. The weakness may have led to biased perceptions based on the inputs and demographic factors. However, impartial and high professionalism was adopted to mitigate such occurrences. Nonetheless, during the data storage process, the interview participants' names were not included. The approach ensured that the thematic analysis process did not bare any biases towards the interview participants' behaviours or preferences.

Future Research The current study was able to utilise the qualitative approach via the interview participants to gain an understanding of the perception and attitude of the rugby players. In addition, the study attempted to mitigate the heterogeneity problem associated with measuring the knowledge, perception, and attitude of nutritional diet by factoring more variables. However, more extensive variables need to factor apart from the basic demographic data used in this study. A case example is a rise in the coronavirus issue that was identified to have a significant impact on proper nutrition by the interview participants. As such, future studies should continue this research and continually add more variables that could affect knowledge, perception, and attitude of proper nutrition. The study also focused on male rugby players, aged between 18 to 32 years old. Future studies should expound on this study by factoring in female rugby players, other sports, different age groups, and locations. The approach will assist in developing a holistic view of the knowledge, perception, and attitude of nutritional diet in the sporting world. However, it would be essential for the studies to utilise the interview approach to properly gauge the issues of perception and attitude of proper nutrition that is difficult to assess empirically alone.

Clinical or Public Health Implications The study has a significant impact and insight into the clinical field and the public health sector. It first showcases the significant low knowledge, perception, and attitude of proper nutrition in the sporting sector, especially rugby in the United Kingdom. As such, there is a need for community health workers to increasingly engage with sports leaders and players to increase this awareness. In this respect, the community health workers need to educate the sporting leadership on the various proper nutrition framework developed for the United Kingdom, such as the Eatwell guiding framework. Further, nutritionists and community health workers need to design specialised training programs on proper nutrition for the sporting world. The goal will be to increase the knowledge, perception, and attitude of nutritional diet among athlete participants. Similarly, the proper nutrition plans need to be patient-centred to ensure each phenotypic and genotypic aspects of the athlete participants are considered in the training program. Also, the study shows the need for nutritional diet programs to promote education on micronutrients, supplementary diets, and vegetables as they have reduced knowledge, perception, and attitude among athlete participants.

Conclusion Sports are a crucial part of human life for centuries, and it has been an avenue that had natured various talents and led to social and economic growth. As such, the study identified it was crucial to ensure that all variables that impacted the athlete participants were understood and managed towards productivity and performance. Nutritional diet has been linked to this increased productivity and performance of athlete participants, and hence it was justifiable to investigate this area of research. The overall aim of the study was to capture knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and challenges around dietary goals and additionally, to assess dietary practices followed by semi-professional rugby athletes via a mixed method. For the study to be successful in this endeavour, it had to develop specific objectives that were effectively achieved. An observational cross-sectional study research design was selected to undertake the data collection and analysis process. Both online interviews via Skype and questionnaires were used to gather the required data from the participants. The study was able to receive a significant amount of information as per the sample size. It was found that the knowledge, perception, and attitude of nutritional diet among rugby players varied as per the food groups and types of those food groups. The macronutrients had higher knowledge, perception, and attitude than micronutrients but vegetables and fruits had the lowest score in that category. Among micronutrients, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and vitamin D had higher knowledge, perception, and attitude than the rest. However, the practical application of the diets irrespective of the knowledge, perception, and attitude levels was significantly low. Various factors such as education and exposure to nutritional diet training had a significant impact on the knowledge, perception, and attitude levels and dietary choices as well. As such, it was identified that there was a need for patient-centred nutritional diet training among rugby players in the United Kingdom. Further, awareness and knowledge level of micronutrients and supplementation diets was needed. The government should also develop a national legal framework that identifies the importance of nutritional diet nationwide. Recommendations The study found a significant lack of standardised approaches towards nutritional diet and its overall acceptance by the various industries in the United Kingdom. As such, parliament needs to develop a specialised national act that would bind all organisations towards improving their nutritional diet knowledge, perception, and attitude and those of their stakeholders. The approach would see proper nutrition education becoming an essential component in the various education and industry training sectors. The impact of this is that athlete participants and other people would have sufficient knowledge, perception, and attitude towards proper nutrition.

In addition, the rugby players' organisations, both public and private, should take their initiative and develop internal policies that would emphasise increasing the knowledge, perception, and attitude of proper nutrition. Coaches and trainers would have to gain such skills and knowledge from learning organisations before commencing their duties. The athlete participants would also have to prepare individualised nutritional diet plans certified by a nutritionist and reviewed regularly.

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