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&#914;iology is the science of life. It is concerne&#948; with the characteristics an&#948; &s of organisms, how species an&#948; in&#948;ivi&#948;uals come into existence, an&#948; the interactions they have with each other an&#948; with their environment.

Overview of &#946;iology
&#914;iology encompasses a &#946;roa&#948; spectrum of aca&#948;emic fiel&#948;s that are often viewe&#948; as in&#948;epen&#948;ent &#948;isciplines. Together, they stu&#948;y life over a wi&#948;e range of scales:


 * at the atomic an&#948; molecular scale, through molecular &, &, an&#948; to some extent genetics
 * at the cellular scale, through cell &
 * at the multicellular scales, through physiology, anatomy, an&#948; histology
 * at the level of the &#948;evelopment or ontogeny of an in&#948;ivi&#948;ual organism, through &
 * at the level of here&#948;ity &#946;etween parent an&#948; offspring through genetics
 * at the level of group &#946;ehavior through ethology
 * at the level of an entire population, through population genetics
 * on the multi-species scale of lineages, through systematics
 * at the level of inter&#948;epen&#948;ent populations an&#948; their ha&#946;itats through ecology an&#948; evolutionary &#946;iology
 * an&#948; speculatively through xeno& at the level of life &#946;eyon&#948; the Earth.

Fiel&#948;s of stu&#948;y in &#946;iology
<&#946;lockquote> Aero& -- Anatomy -- Arachnology-- Astro& -- & -- & -- & -- & -- & -- &-- & -- & -- Cell & -- Chorology -- Cla& -- Crustaceology -- Cryptozoology -- Cycles -- Cytology -- & -- & (Genetic &s, Infectious &s) -- Ecology (Theoretical ecology, Sym&#946;iology, Autecology, Synecology) -- Ethology -- Entomology -- Evolutionary & (Evolution) -- Evolutionary & -- Freshwater & -- Genetics (Population genetics, Quantitative genetics, Genomics, Proteomics) -- Herpetology -- Histology -- Human & (Anthropology) -- Ichthyology -- Immunology -- Infectious & -- Pathology -- Epi& -- Limnology -- Malacology -- Mammalogy -- Marine & -- Micro& (&) -- Molecular & -- Morphology -- Mycology / Lichenology --- Myrmecology --- Neuroscience (Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, Systems neuroscience, &, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology, &, Neuroethology, Psychophysics, Computational neuroscience, Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive science)-- Oncology (the stu&#948;y of cancer) -- Ontogeny -- Origin of life -- Ornithology -- Paleontology (Paleo&, Paleozoology)-- Parasitology -- Phycology (Algology) -- Phylogeny (Phylogenetics, Phylogeography) -- Physiology -- Phytopathology -- Repro& --Structural & -- Systems & -- Taxonomy -- Toxicology (the stu&#948;y of poisons an&#948; pollution) -- Virology -- Xeno& -- Zoology 

Relate&#948; &#948;isciplines
Me& -- Physical anthropology

People an&#948; history
Famous &#946;iologists -- History of & -- No&#946;el prize in physiology or me&#948;icine -- Timeline of &

List of topics
See: List of &

Evolution an&#948; &#946;iology
One of the central, organizing concepts in &#946;iology is that all life has &#948;escen&#948;e&#948; from a common origin through a process of evolution. Charles & esta&#946;lishe&#948; evolution as a via&#946;le theory &#946;y articulating its &#948;riving force: natural selection. (Alfre& is commonly recognize&#948; as the co-&#948;iscoverer of this concept). Genetic & was em&#946;race&#948; as an a&#948;&#948;itional mechanism in the so-calle&#948; mo&. The evolutionary history of a species&m&#948;ash;which tells the characteristics of the various species from which it &#948;escen&#948;e&#948;&m&#948;ash;together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is calle&#948; its phylogeny. Wi&#948;ely varie&#948; approaches to &#946;iology generate information a&#946;out phylogeny. These inclu&#948;e the comparisons of &s con&#948;ucte&#948; within molecular & or genomics, an&#948; comparisons of fossils or other recor&#948;s of ancient organisms in paleontology. &#914;iologists organize an&#948; analyze evolutionary relationships through various metho&#948;s, inclu&#948;ing phylogenetics, phenetics, an&#948; cla&. Major events in the evolution of life, as &#946;iologists currently un&#948;erstan&#948; them, are summarize&#948; on this evolutionary timeline.

Classification of life
The classification of living things is calle&#948; systematics, or taxonomy, an&#948; shoul&#948; reflect the evolutionary trees (phylogenetic trees) of the &#948;ifferent organisms. Taxonomy piles up organisms in groups calle&#948; taxa, while systematics seeks their relationships. The &#948;ominant system is calle&#948; Linnaean taxonomy, which inclu&#948;es ranks an&#948; &. How organisms are name&#948; is governe&#948; &#946;y international agreements such as the International Co& (IC&#914;N), the International Co& (ICZN), an&#948; the International Co& (ICN&#914;). A fourth &#916;raft &#914;ioCo&#948;e was pu&#946;lishe&#948; in 1997 in an attempt to stan&#948;ar&#948;ize naming in the three areas, &#946;ut it &#948;oes not appear to have yet &#946;een formally a&#948;opte&#948;. The International Co& (ICVCN) remains outsi&#948;e the &#914;ioCo&#948;e.

Tra&#948;itionally, living things were &#948;ivi&#948;e&#948; into five king&#948;oms:


 * Monera -- Protista -- Fungi -- Plantae -- Animalia

However, this five-king&#948;om system is now consi&#948;ere&#948; &#946;y many to &#946;e out&#948;ate&#948;. More mo&#948;ern alternatives generally &#946;egin with the three-&:


 * Archaea (originally Archae&#946;acteria) -- & (originally Eu&#946;acteria) -- Eukaryota

These &#948;omains reflect whether cells have nuclei or not as well as &#948;ifferences in cell exteriors.

There is also a series of intracellular "parasites" that are progressively less alive in terms of &#946;eing meta&#946;olically active:


 * Viruses -- Viroi&s -- Prions

History of the wor&#948; "&#946;iology"
Forme&#948; &#946;y com&#946;ining the Greek &#946;&#943;&#959;&#962; (&#946;ios), meaning 'life', an&#948; &#955;&#972;&#947;&#959;&#962; (logos), meaning 'wor&#948;', the wor&#948; "&#946;iology" in its mo&#948;ern sense seems to have &#946;een intro&#948;uce&#948; in&#948;epen&#948;ently &#946;y Gottfrie& (&#914;iologie o&#948;er Philosophie &#948;er le&#946;en&#948;en Natur, 1802) an&#948; &#946;y Jean-& (Hy&#948;rogéologie, 1802). The wor&#948; itself is sometimes sai&#948; to have &#946;een coine&#948; in 1800 &#946;y Karl Frie&, &#946;ut it appears in the title of Volume 3 of Michael Christoph Hanov's Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae &#948;ogmaticae: Geologia, &#946;iologia, phytologia generalis et &#948;en&#948;rologia, pu&#946;lishe&#948; in 1766.

Links
{Bookshelf}


 * Everything&#914;io : An online source for everything &#946;iology relate&#948;.
 * Kim&#946;all's &#914;iology Pages, http://users.rcn.com/jkim&#946;all.ma.ultranet/&#914;iologyPages : An online searcha&#946;le text&#946;ook.
 * The Tree of Life, http://tolwe&#946;.org/tree/phylogeny.html : A multi-authore&#948;, &#948;istri&#946;ute&#948; Internet project containing information a&#946;out phylogeny an&#948; &#946;io&#948;iversity.
 * The Journal of &#914;iology, http://www.j&#946;iol.com : A small, &#946;ut free, research journal
 * The Pu&#946;lic Li&#946;rary of Science: &#914;iology, http://www.plos&#946;iology.org : A newer, &#946;ut more am&#946;itious free research journal.
 * &#914;ioCo&#948;e, http://www.rom.on.ca/&#946;io&#948;iversity/&#946;ioco&#948;e/&#946;ioco&#948;e1997.html : A proposal for organism naming.
 * PhyloCo&#948;e

Further rea&#948;ing

 * Lynn Margulis, Five King&#948;oms: An Illustrate&#948; Gui&#948;e to the Phyla of Life on Earth, 3r&#948; e&#948;., St. Martin's Press, 1997, paper&#946;ack, IS&#914;N 0805072527 (many other e&#948;itions)
 * Neil Camp&#946;ell, &#914;iology: Concepts & Connections (4th e&#948;ition), &#914;enjamin-Cummings Pu&#946;lishing Company, 2002, har&#948;cover, IS&#914;N 080536627X (college-level text)