User:Noelwolfe/sandbox

This is my sandbox. Paraphrase here

1967-, Butler-Bowdon, Tom, (2007). 50 psychology classics : who we are, how we think, what we do : insight and inspiration from 50 key books. London: Nicholas Brealey Pub. ISBN 9781857883862.OCLC 174305455. When Daniel Gilbert was a boy, he loved books about optical illusions, he was astounded by how the brain and eyes could be fooled. Added to Daniel Gilbert's page.

Amphetamine use has been known to cause some psychotic symptoms, like delusions and those delusions can cause people to be violent. A forensic psychologist sometimes has to make connections like this.

Tabernik, Holly E. and Michael J. Vitacco. "Psychosis and Substance Use: Implications for Conditional Release Readiness Evaluations." Behavioral Sciences & the Law, vol. 34, no. 2/3, Mar-Jun2016, pp. 295-307. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/bsl.2229.

“Legal psychology refers to psychological theory, research, and practice directly pertinent to the law and legal issues.” (qt: in; Weiner and Otto). In March of 1893 J. McKeen Cattell posted questions to fifty-six of his students at Columbia University, the questions he asked his students were comparable to those asked in a court of justice. What he found was that it was reasonable to conclude eyewitness accounts of events were unreliable. His students were all sure they were mostly correct, even when they weren’t, and some were hesitant when they were in fact correct. He could not figure out specifically why each student had inaccurate testimonies. Cattell suggested that “an unscrupulous attorney” could discredit a witness who is being truthful by asking “cunningly selected questions”. Although a jury, or the judge, should know how normal errors are in eyewitness testimonies given different conditions. However, even Cattell was shocked by the level of incorrectness displayed by his students. Cattell’s research has been depicted as the foundation of forensic psychology in the United States. His research is still widely considered a prevailing research interest in legal psychology (Weiner and Otto). It has been thought that in America psychologists have been used as expert witnesses in court testimonies since the early 1920’s. Consultation within civil courts was most common, during this time criminal courts rarely consulted with psychologists. Psychologists were not considered medical experts, those who were like, physicians and psychiatrists, in the past were the ones consulted for criminal testimonies. This could be because in criminal cases, the defendant's mental state almost never  mattered "As a general rule, only medical men — that is, persons licensed by law to practice the profession of medicine — can testify as experts on the question of insanity; and the propriety of this general limitation is too patent to permit discussion" (qt:in; Weiner and Otto).

Irving Weiner; Randy Otto (2013). The Handbook of Forensic Psychology, 4th Ed

Most of the work during the early 1900’s in correctional psychology in relation to state and federal, was deciphering who was “feeble minded” and who would most likely have a long life of committing crimes. Linder H, distinguished 1913 as the year when correctional psychology started to integrate into the United State’s psychological system. Particularly in a women’s penitentiary in New York. Eleanor Rowland was the psychologist designated to conclude what offenders could benefit from being placed in programs and who could be safe for society. This process is called custody decisions or treatment decisions. The first time this kind of prison classification system was integrated into facilities was in New Jersey in 1918, also becoming the first state to hire psychologist considered correctional. However, Wisconsin was the first state in 1924 to allow psychological evaluations in its prison systems and applications for parole. The first correctional psychologist's jobs involved testing, providing guidance in a number of different ways, and maintaining good relationships with the prisoners. They called themselves “prison psychologists”.

Irving Weiner; Randy Otto (2013). The Handbook of Forensic Psychology, 4th Ed