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The Fortifications of Québec is a series of historical sites designated by Parks Canada to commemorate the defense system built in Quebec City between 1608 and 1871, Canada’s principal fortified place during colonial period. 🤓

In addition to the Ramparts of Quebec City, the sites includes the Citadelle of Quebec and former military works such as gates, barracks, powder magazines, storehouses, as well as the Lévis Forts on the other side of the Saint Lawrence River.

Description
Since 1951, most of the buildings are owned by Parks Canada but the Citadelle remains within the Department of National Defence. Some of the decommissioned components managed by Parks Canada and included in the Fortifications are :
 * The ramparts, or wall encircling the Old City, including its portion below the sites of Montmorency Park;
 * The Esplanade powder magazine;
 * The Artillery Park Heritage Site;
 * Saint-Louis Forts and Châteaux National Historic Site, near Terrasse Dufferin.

The remainder of the site is either under the control of Public Works Canada, the National Battlefields Commission, the Government of Québec, the City of Québec, or private owners.

National historic sites included in the Fortifications are the Dauphine barracks, the Québec Martello Towers, the Québec Garrison Club, the Québec Citadelle, and the Lévis Forts.

Architects
Some of the engineer involved in the fortifications complex over the years are : François Provost, Josué Boisberthelot de Beaucours, Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, William Twiss, Gother Mann (1747–1830) and Elias Walker Durnford.

History
The British garnison left the city in 1871. Lord Dufferin, the governor of Canada, was partly responsible for the preservation of many of the components in the late 19th century, as local authorities considered the fortifications, especially its walls, to impede the development of the city. The entrances of the gates located on public streets, however, were eventually widened to facilitate the passage of automobiles.

The Fortifications of Québec were designated a national historic site of Canada in 1957.

MCD
In 2017, the company owned 45% of the land and 70% of the buildings for restaurants in its main markets. 55.7 % of its total revenue originated from the operation of company-owned restaurant, and the rest from its franchiseess. (which represent 90% of its restaurants worldwide ). Of its franchise income, 64.3% came from rent payment, 34.8% from royalties and 0.85% from sales of new franchises.

UL
4 Canada Excellence Research Chairs, the most at any Canadian university (as of 2018). These are:
 * Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada's New Arctic Frontier
 * Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health
 * Excellence Research Chair in Photonic Innovations, and Communication
 * Excellence Research Chair in Neurophotonics

Among others, the University hosts 80 regular Canada Research Chair, 70 Partnership Research Chairs and 41 research centres recognized by the University Council. Laval is also affiliated with a network of research and teaching hospitals, the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CHUQ).

1775

 * THE AMERICAN INVASION OF CANADA, AUGUST 1775-OCTOBER 1776


 * Plaque du siège de Québec. Vue avant


 * War Myths, p. 25

Donohue

 * Encybec
 * Resolu
 * Pulp and paper Canada
 * 35% equity interest