User:Noodleslovespapriko/Fusarium wilt

Management
F. oxysporum is a major wilt pathogen of many economically important crop plants. It is a soil-borne pathogen, which can live in the soil for long periods of time, so rotational cropping is not a useful control method. It can also spread through infected dead plant material, so cleaning up at the end of the season is important.

One control method is to improve soil conditions because F. oxysporum spreads faster through soils that have high moisture and bad drainage. Other control methods include planting resistant varieties, removing infected plant tissue to prevent overwintering of the disease, using soil and systemic fungicides to eradicate the disease from the soil, flood fallowing, and using clean seeds each year. Applying fungicides depends on the field environment. It is difficult to find a biological control method because research in a greenhouse can have different effects than testing in the field. The best control method found for F. oxysporum is planting resistant varieties, although not all have been bred for every forma specialis.

F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas can be controlled by using clean seed, cleaning up infected leaf and plant material and breeding for resistance. Fungicides can also be used, but are not as effective as the other two because of field conditions during application. Fungicides can be used effectively by dip treating propagation material.

Different races of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Panama disease on banana, can be susceptible, resistant and partially resistant. It can be controlled by breeding for resistance and through eradication and quarantine of the pathogen by improving soil conditions and using clean plant material. Biological control can work using antagonists. Systemic and soil fungicides can also be used.

The main control method for F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, vascular wilt on tomato, is resistance. Other effective control methods are fumigating the infected soil and raising the soil pH to 6.5-7.

The most effective way to control F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis is to graft a susceptible variety of melon to a resistant root-stock. Resistant cultivars, liming the soil to change soil pH to 6-7, and reducing soil nitrogen levels also help control F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis.

The fungus Trichoderma viride is a biocontrol agent that has proven to control this disease in an environmentally friendly manner. It can also manage Fusarium wilt in cucumber, tomato, and various other crops.

F.oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum is responsible for the root and stem rot of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus). Management of F.oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum has been effective through the use of methyl bromide fumigation. The application of methyl bromide is extremely productive against soil-borne pathogens and pests. However in 1992, methyl bromide was recognized as an ozone depleting substance (ODS) by the Montreal Protocol and was set to be globally phased out of use. Currently, research towards methyl bromide alternatives for soil-borne disease management is increasing, as researchers and collaborators evaluate more sustainable practices.

The Montreal Protocol is a global agreement which regulates the production and consumption of ODS that was finalized in 1987. Although effective for soil-borne pathogen disinfestation and crop management, methyl bromide is defined as a “class I” ODS. Under the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, class I ODS have an ozone depletion potential of 0.2 or higher. The U.S governmental agency responsible for enacting the Montreal Protocol is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).The EPA enacted statutory authority of the Clean Air Act (1990) title VI which implements the Montreal Protocol, this rules for a complete phase out of ozone depleting substances in the US. In 2005, methyl bromide was nationally banned, but exemptions were made for agriculture quarantine regarding shipment of crops and other critical use treatments.

Article Draft: copied from Fusarium wilt
F.oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum is responsible for the root and stem rot of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus). Management of F.oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum has been effective through the use of methyl bromide fumigation. The application of methyl bromide is extremely productive against soil-borne pathogens and pests. However in 1992, methyl bromide was recognized as an ozone depleting substance (ODS) by the Montreal Protocol and was set to be globally phased out of use. Currently, research towards methyl bromide alternatives for soil-borne disease management is increasing, as researchers and collaborators evaluate more sustainable practices.

The Montreal Protocol is a global agreement which regulates the production and consumption of ODS that was finalized in 1987. Although effective for soil-borne pathogen disinfestation and crop management, methyl bromide is defined as a “class I” ODS. Under the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, class I ODS have an ozone depletion potential of 0.2 or higher. The U.S governmental agency responsible for enacting the Montreal Protocol is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).The EPA enacted statutory authority of the Clean Air Act (1990) title VI which implements the Montreal Protocol, this rules for a complete phase out of ozone depleting substances in the US. In 2005, methyl bromide was nationally banned, but exemptions were made for agriculture quarantine regarding shipment of crops and other critical use treatments.