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Inheritance according to Qur’an

The internet is filled with challenges to Qur'an inheritance: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkzLeE3GR0E

http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Contra/i001.html

No agreement with different traditional islamic schools as with this calculator: http://www.islamicsoftware.org/irth/irth.html mother, 1 sister

Allow reversion: 2/5 mother, 3/5 sister

No reversion: 1/3 mother, 1/2 sister, Islamic Treasury: 1/6

Confusion in earliest traditions: Al-Muwatta' of Imam Malik (163 AH) http://www.sunnipath.com/Library/Hadith/H0001P0027.aspx 27.1 Inheritance of Direct Descendants

How much to give when they are exactly two daughters?

They assume فوق over اثنتين two or three+ also means two?

There is confusion with meanings of إخوة ikh'watun and الكلالة al-kalālati

Book 011, Number 3937: Abu Talha reported: 'Umar b. al-Khattab (Allah be pleased with him) delivered a sermon on Friday and made a mention of Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) and he also made a mention of Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) and then said: I do not leave behind me any problem more difficult than that of Kalala. I did not refer to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) more repeatedly than in case of the problem of Kalala, and he (the Holy Prophet) never showed more annoyance to me than in regard to this problem, so much so that he struck my chest with his fingers and said: 'Umar, does the verse revealed in summer season, at the end of Sura al-Nisa' not suffice you? Hadrat 'Umar (then) said: If I live I would give such verdict about (Kalala) that everyone would be able to decide whether he reads the Qur'an or he does not.

When asked simple questions like which amount to give the sister: 1/6 (4:12) or 1/2 (4:176)?

They say 4:12 refers to uterine siblings/half sisters and brothers having the same mother different father to resolve the issue which brought about other confusion when total distribution is greater than the whole and fix was to use algebra to proportionately increase/decrease each amount by a common denominator called al-awl as in this example:

husband, mother, 3 uterine brothers, 2 full brothers

1/2 husband + 1/6 mother + 1/3 uterine brothers (4:12) = 0 full brothers (4:176)

The above was a supposed case during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab who ruled the 2 full brothers got nothing since there was nothing remaining to share. The full brothers argued that even if their father was a donkey or a stone cast into the sea and they had no paternal relationship, they still had the same and equal relationship with the deceased as the uterine brothers through the same mother. Umar reconsidered his ruling and allowed the full brothers to inherit equally with the uterine brothers in the shares thus:

1/2 husband + 1/6 mother + 1/3 brothers = 1

They resolve using algebra or al-Awl increase/decrease evenly all shares, example:

1 - 1/6x father - 1/6x mother - 1/4x husband - 1/2x daughter = 0

1 - 2/12x father - 2/12x mother - 3/12x husband - 6/12x daughters = 0

1 = 13/12x

12/13 = x use substitution...

1/6*12/13 = 2/13 father

1/6*12/13 = 2/13 mother

1/4*12/13 = 3/13 husband

2/4*12/13 = 6/13 daughter

Using http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra one can wrongly "fix" surplus/shortfall any combinations.

Here are the verses which if followed "literally" give precise amounts without any excess/shortfall.

4:11 ىوصىكم instructed you الله the god فى in اولدكم children yours للذكر to the male (i.e. gender) مثل similitude حظ apportion الانثىىن the two (feminine dual) فان so if كن be (f/p) نسا womenfolk فوق over اثنتىن two فلهن so for them (f/p) ثلثا third dual (1/3 x 2 = 2/3) ما what ترك left وان and if كانت be she وحده one (f/s) فلها so for her النصف the half ولابوىه and to parents two his/said person لكل to each وحد one منهما of them dual السدس the sixth مما from what ترك left ان if كان be له for him/said person ولد offspring فان so if لم not ىكن beeth له for him/said person ولد offspring وورثه and inherit him/said person ابواه parents dual his/said person (i.e. if dual parents are alive) فلامه so to mother his/said person الثلث the third فان so if كان be له for him/said person اخوه siblings (plural indefinite noun; 3+ brothers, 2+ brothers & sister, 1+ brother/s & 2+ sisters) فلامه so to mother his/said person السدس the sixth من from بعد after وصىه instruction/behest ىوصى instructed بها in it او or دىن dept ابوكم parents yours وابناوكم and children yours لا not تدرون thou knowing اىهم which of them اقرب nearer لكم to you نفعا benefit of فرىضه an obligation من from الله the god ان indeed الله the god كان be علىما knowledgeable حكىما wisdom of

1/2 two daughters (1/4 each), 1/2 one son

1/2 two daughters (1/4 each), 1/2 two sons (1/4 each)

1/2 two daughters (1/4 each), 1/2 three sons (1/6 each)

2/3 three daughters (2/9 each), 1/3 son

2/3 three daughters (2/9 each), 1/3 two sons (1/6 each)

2/3 three daughters (2/9 each), 1/3 three sons (1/9 each)

1/2 daughter, 1/2 son

1/2 daughter, 1/2 two sons (1/4 each)

1/2 daughter, 1/2 three sons (1/6 each)

1/6 parent, 5/6 child[ren] {If mixed gender children use ratios to distribute 5/6}

1/3 parents (1/6 each), 2/3 child[ren]

1/3 mother, 2/3 father

4:12 ولكم and for you نصف half ما what ترك left ازوجكم spouses yours ان if لم not ىكن beeth لهن for them (f/p) ولد offspring فان so if كان be لهن for them ولد offspring فلكم so for you الربع the fourth مما from what تركن left they (f/p) من from بعد after وصىه instruction/behest ىوصىن instructed they (f/p) بها in it او or دىن dept ولهن and for them الربع the fourth مما from what تركتم left you ان if لم not ىكن beeth لكم for you ولد offspring فان so if كان be لكم for you ولد offspring فلهن so to them الثمن the eight مما from what تركتم left you من from بعد after وصىه instruction/behest توصون thou making بها in it او or دىن dept وان and if كان be رجل man ىورث inherited كلله sibling heir (single gender sibling heir/s; no spouse; no child) او or امراه woman وله and to him/said person اخ brother او or اخت sister فلكل so to each وحد one منهما from them dual السدس the sixth فان so if كانوا be they of اكثر more من from ذلك such فهم so they شركا associates/partners of فى in الثلث the third من from بعد after وصىه instruction/behest ىوصى instructed بها in it او or دىن dept غىر other than مضار harmful وصىه instruction من from الله the god والله and the god علىم knower حلىم tolerant

1/2 husband, 1/2 parent

1/2 husband, 1/2 parents (1/3 mother, 1/6 father)

1/3 mother, 1/2*2/3 = 1/3 husband, 1/3 father

1/4 husband, 1/6 parent, 7/12 child[ren]

1/4 husband, 1/3 parents (1/6 each), 5/12 child[ren]

1/4 wife, 3/4 parent

1/4 wife, 1/3 mother, 5/12 father

1/8 wife, 1/6 parent, 17/24 child[ren]

1/8 wife, 1/3 parents (1/6 each), 13/24 child[ren]

1/6 brother/sister, 5/6 parent

1/6 brother/sister, 1/3 mother, 1/2 father

1/3 two brothers/sisters, 2/3 parent

1/3 two brothers/sisters, 1/3 mother, 1/3 father

1/3 three+ sisters, 2/3 parent

1/3 three+ sisters, 1/3 mother, 1/3 father

1/3 three+ brothers, 1/6 mother, 1/2 father

4:176 ىستفتونك they seeking decision your قل say الله the god ىفتىكم gives ruling you فى in الكلله l-kalalati (the sibling heir; mixed gender; no spouse; no child present) ان if امرو individual هلك perished لىس not is له for him/said person ولد offspring وله and to him اخت sister فلها so for her نصف half ما what ترك left وهو and he ىرثها inherited her ان if لم not ىكن beeth لها for her ولد offspring فان so if كانتا be dual اثنتىن two فلهما so to them dual الثلثان the third each (1/3 + 1/3 = 2/3) مما from what ترك left وان and if كانوا be they of اخوه ikhwatan/siblings رجلا menfolk of ونسا and womenfolk (3+) فللذكر so to the male (gender) مثل similitude حظ apportion الانثىىن the two (feminine dual) ىبىن shows الله the god لكم for you ان lest تضلوا thou err ye of والله and the god بكل in each شى thing علىم knower

1/2 sister, 1/2 brother/s

2/3 two sisters, 1/3 brother/s

5/5 total = 3/5 three sisters (1/5 each), 2/5 one brother

6/6 total = 4/6 four sisters (1/6 each), 2/6 two brothers (1/6 each)

7/7 total = 5/7 five sisters (1/7 each), 2/7 three brothers (2/21 each)

1/6 sister, 1/6 brother, 2/3 parent

1/6 sister, 1/6 brother, 1/3 mother, 1/3 father

1/6 sister, 1/6 two+ brothers, 2/3 parent

1/6 sister, 1/6 two+ brothers, 1/6 mother, 1/2 father

2/9 two sisters (1/9 each), 1/9 one+ brothers, 2/3 parent

2/9 two sisters (1/9 each), 1/9 one+ brothers, 1/6 mother, 1/2 father

1/5 three sisters (1/15 each), 2/15 brother/s, 2/3 parent

1/5 three sisters (1/15 each), 2/15 brother/s, 1/6 mother, 1/2 father

2/9 four sisters (1/18 each), 1/9 brother/s, 2/3 parent

2/9 four sisters (1/18 each), 1/9 brother/s, 1/6 mother, 1/2 father