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Clinical Physiology

There is not a whole lot if information here about how clinical Physiologists differ from a regular physician in a hospital or a specialist.

The history doesn't give much detail about how and why the Swedish government wanted to start the program of Clinical physiology. You definitely need more references for what human physiology is and all of the History section.

The article is very neutral and does a very good job of just stating the facts. There are no opinion statements.

I do fail to see the importance of the role of Clinical physiologist when there are other doctors who preform the same tests and treatments. They may want to go deeper into how they help provide better care for people in Sweden Finland and Denmark.

The citations are very poor. citations 4and 5 don't work and citation 3 is not a peer reviewed article. Be careful not to have close paraphrasing. The first sentence in the History was very close to a sentence in the source. You also did not cite that article.

The talk page is very small with no collaboration between the author and the readers.

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Muscle hypertrophy, Fimbria (bacteriology),Biophysical chemistry,Endorphins

Endorphins(Edit page)
Endorphins (contracted to"endogenous morphine"[note 1]) are endogenous opioid neuropeptides and peptide hormones in humans and other animals. They are produced by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland. The term "endorphins" implies a pharmacological activity (analogous to the activity of the corticosteroid category of biochemicals) as opposed to a specific chemical formulation. It consists of two parts: endo- and -orphin; these are short forms of the words endogenous and morphine, intended to mean "a morphine-like substance originating from within the body".[3] The class of endorphins includes three compounds – α-endorphin - (Alpha endorphins), β-endorphin - (Beta endorphins), and γ-endorphin - (gamma endorphins)- which preferentially bind to μ-opioid receptors.[4] The principal function of endorphins is to inhibit the communication of pain signals; they may also produce a feeling of euphoria very similar to that produced by other opioids.[5]

History
Opioid neuropeptides were first discovered in 1974 by two independent groups of investigators:

John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz of Scotland isolated – from the brain of a pig – what some called "enkephalins" (from the Greek εγκέφαλος, cerebrum).[7][8] Around the same time, in a calf brain, Rabi Simantov and Solomon H. Snyder of the United States found[9] what Eric Simon (who independently discovered opioid receptors in vertebral brains) later termed "endorphin" by an abbreviation of "endogenous morphine", meaning "morphine produced naturally in the body".[3] Endorphins were noted for their similar analgesic properties of opioids. They have been continually researched for their pain reliving properties and role in the feeling of pleasure.

Synthesis
The three types of endorphins that exist are made through the fragmentation of precursor proteins. The original protein is called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). This protein is fragmented into many different smaller proteins including beta-lipotropin (β-LPH). β-LPH, a pituitary hormone with little opiate activity, is then continually fragmented into different peptides giving rise to          α-Endorphin, β-Endorphin, γ-Endorphin and many other peptides.

Types
The class of endorphins includes three endogenous opioid peptides:[4]

α-Endorphin- The smallest fragment in the family and is composed of 16 amino acids. They are the same as the first 16 amino acids as the β-endorphin. The sequenced the protein has been shown to be: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-OH.

β-Endorphin- The longest fragment in the family and is composed of 31 amino acids. The sequence has been shown to be: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. .

γ-Endorphin- The second longest fragment and is composed of 17 amino acids. It also matches the first 17 amino Acids of β-endorphin. The sequence has been shown to be: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-OH.

Mechanism of Action
Endorphins are naturally produced in response to pain. This phenomenon happens in both the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). In the PNS, endorphins, primarily β-endorphin, are released from the pituitary gland and bind to μ-receptors. The binding of these two components inhibits the pain signal of the periphery nerves by blocking the neurotransmitter substance P. The mechanism in the CNS is similar but works by blocking a different neurotransmitter. When the endorphin binds to the μ-receptor, it inhibits the release of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which, in turn, increases the production and release of dopamine, the neurotransmitter associated with pleasure.

Their production can also be triggered by various human activities. Vigorous aerobic exercise can stimulate the release of β-endorphin which contributes to a phenomenon known as a "runner's high".[12][13]

Laughter may also stimulate endorphin production; a 2011 study showed that attendees at a comedy club showed increased resistance to pain.[14] Endorphins are also released during various activities including eating food, sex, orgasm, listening to music and eating chocolate.

Properties
Endorphins play a major role in the bodies response to inhibiting pain but endorphins have also been looked at for their role in pleasure. There has been a lot of research in the euphoric state that is produced after the release of endorphins in cases such as runners high, orgasms and eating appetizing food. Endorphins have also been looked into as a way to aid in the treatment of anxiety and depression through exercising.

On the other hand, endorphins may also be involved in exercise addiction. The release of endorphins a person gets while exercising will produce a feeling of euphoria. With consistent exercise, the brain may down-regulate the production of endorphins in periods of rest and a person will need to continue to exercise more intensely in order to receive the same feeling.

Etymology
From the words ἔνδον / Greek: éndon meaning "within" (endogenous, ἐνδογενής / Greek: endogenes, "proceeding from within") and morphine, from Morpheus (Ancient Greek: Μορφεύς, translit. Morpheús), the god of dreams in the Greek mythology, thus 'endo(genous) (mo)rphine’.