User:Ntal123/Preventive nutrition/Bibliography

You will be compiling your bibliography and creating an outline of the changes you will make in this sandbox.

Bibliography and Notes
Edit this section to compile the bibliography for your Wikipedia assignment. Add the name and/or notes about what each source covers, then use the "Cite" button to generate the citation for that source.

Nicola Di Daniele. (2019). The Role of Preventive Nutrition in Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. Nutrients, 11(5), 1074.


 * This reference is already cited in the article.
 * Mediterranean Diet used to be the standard reference guide. “Initially recognized to fight against the onset of heart disease.”
 * Obesity problem - calorie intake exceeds energy expenditure
 * WHO – triple the amount of people with obesity since 1975
 * Non-communicable diseases – in those who are obese, weight decrease of only 10% can prevent non-communicable diseases and increase life expectancy
 * Mediterranean Diet used as the standard model, been shown to prevent or reduce risk of non-communicable diseases
 * High - fruit, seeds, vegetables, bread, cereals, extra virgin olive oil, fish
 * Moderate – poultry, eggs, legumes, dairy, red wine
 * Low intake – red meal, animal fats
 * Decrease fat mass, decrease risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
 * Studies often include physical exercise as well – can be difficult to differentiate between them, knowing if one by itself would have similar impact, etc.
 * Decreased mortality rate in certain populations (those with obesity, HTN, type 2 diabetes, CVD, etc.)

Fardet, A., & Rock, E. (2014). Toward a new philosophy of preventive nutrition: From a reductionist to a holistic paradigm to improve nutritional recommendations. Advances in Nutrition, 5(4), 430-446.


 * This reference is already cited in the article.
 * Pressure ulcers, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, depression
 * Increasing chronic diseases (diet-related) – obesity, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers
 * “The primary objective of preventive nutrition is to help people live a long and healthy life—that is, to die in good health (or at least in the best possible health)—through nutrition.”
 * Obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD, cancers, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, mental health defects
 * “Results show that a higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of mortality.”

Dominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., Di Bella, G., Cusumano, C., Parisi, A., Tagliaferri, F., Ciriminna, S., & Barbagallo, M. (2023). Mediterranean diet in the management and prevention of obesity. Experimental Gerontology, 174, 112121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2023.112121
 * Review article: prevention of obesity and obesity related complications by following the Mediterranean diet
 * Approximately 2/3 of adults in Western countries are obese
 * Chronic diseases associated with obesity – type 2 diabetes, HTN, CVD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cancers, depression, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis
 * Although life expectancy has increased, quality of life/healthy years have not
 * More exposure time to risk factors (like obesity)
 * Diets with low nutrient dense products
 * Obesity associated with many chronic diseases – CVD, diabetes, NAFLD, cancers (breast, colon), dementia, chronic renal failure, and musculoskeletal disorders
 * Weight loss – low calories and fat, Mediterranean Diet, keto
 * Most evidence to prevent chronic diseases – MedDiet
 * Increase in low nutrient dense food (processed food, high calories, low valuable nutrients) - rising obesity
 * Obesity increases risk of chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, NAFLD, cancers (breast, colon), dementia, chronic renal failure, and musculoskeletal disorders. BMI over 30
 * Increases healthcare costs
 * Low carbohydrate diets – 19th century
 * Studies show not more effective than low fat or other diet trends
 * Adherence/consistency and low daily calorie intake important for weight loss
 * Mediterranean diet – introduced by Seven Countries Study in the 1950s, Greece and Italy, after World War II, before globalization, noticed low rates of coronary heart disease and cancer compared to Western countries
 * Vegetables and fruits, olive oil as primary source of dietary fat for seasoning/cooking, nuts and seeds, legumes, whole grains daily, fish and seafood, dairy products, eggs, water, sometimes wine
 * Sweets and red or processed meats not consumed
 * MedDiet compared to low fat and low carb
 * Unprocessed foods - beneficial affect on health outcomes
 * Several studies confirm benefits to prevent disease, including cardiovascular events. PRE-DIMED study showed reduced risk of heart attack, stroke, or cardiovascular death after 5 years
 * MedDiet – weight loss, decreased BMI, with and without exercise, but effect greater with physical activity too
 * MedDiet and diabetes – decrease in A1c, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, BMI, and body weight
 * Total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased, HDL cholesterol increased
 * MedDiet not the only diet that produces weight loss, but studies show consistency in weight loss and health outcomes with MedDiet.
 * Obesity increases healthcare costs (higher incidence of chronic diseases)

Rees, K., Takeda, A., Martin, N., Ellis, L., Wijesekara, D., Vepa, A., Das, A., Hartley, L., & Stranges, S. (2019). Mediterranean‐style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd009825.pub3

Salam, R. A., Das, J. K., Ahmed, W., Irfan, O., Sheikh, S. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Effects of Preventive Nutrition Interventions among Adolescents on Health and Nutritional Status in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010049
 * Systematic review article: Mediterranean diet to prevent CVD compared to other diets or control group, or to prevent recurrence in people with CVD, results still uncertain


 * Low and middle income countries, focuses on micronutrient supplementation, not as relevant compared to the other articles
 * Won't be using this reference.

Uusitupa, M., Khan, T. A., Viguiliouk, E., Kahleova, H., Rivellese, A. A., Hermansen, K., Pfeiffer, A., Thanopoulou, A., Salas-Salvadó, J., Schwab, U., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2019). Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 11(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112611


 * High fiber diet, Mediterranean diet for long term prevention of type 2 diabetes, but also included other lifestyle factors (eg. exercise)
 * Prevalence of type 2 diabetes increasing
 * Risk factor for cardiovascular disease, blindness, renal failure, and lower limb amputations
 * Higher costs for healthcare system
 * Type 2 diabetes is often preventable or onset can be delayed by implementing lifestyle changes including exercise, weight loss, and diet.
 * Need to study physical activity and dietary changes separately, right now biggest benefit is seen when they are combined
 * PREDIMED study – MedDiet reduced stroke and all cause CV events
 * Weight loss – key to preventing type 2 diabetes (with diet and/or exercise)
 * Studies show the correlation between certain foods and type 2 diabetes prevention. These foods include green leafy vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, legumes, coffee, berries and fruits high in anthocyanins (bilberries, blueberries, grapes, apples, pears)
 * Foods associated with developing type 2 diabetes – red meat, white rice, sugar-sweetened drinks)
 * Increased fiber intake, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and increased exercise
 * Long term weight loss (lifestyle changes over long period of time, consistency)
 * Diet – moderate fat, low saturated fat, high fiber, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, MedDiet to prevent type 2 diabetes (limited evidence that CVD or microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes can be prevented with lifestyle changes)

Klimova, B., Novotny, M., & Valis, M. (2020). The Impact of Nutrition and Intestinal Microbiome on Elderly Depression—A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030710


 * Will not be using this article because decided to focus on preventive nutrition for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Langer, G., & Fink, A. (2014). Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub2

Munoz, N., Posthauer, M. E., Cereda, E., Schols, J. M. G. A., & Haesler, E. (2020). The Role of Nutrition for Pressure Injury Prevention and Healing: The 2019 International Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations. Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 33(3), 123. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000653144.90739.ad


 * ^ Pressure ulcers will not be my main focus, so last two references might not be used.

Outline of proposed changes
General changes

I will take out the excessive quotations. They do not add value to the article.

I will remove the persuasive language used in the article because it is not written in an objective encyclopedia style.

Not every claim is cited. I will remove the claims not cited, like the mention of Tom Brady in the conclusion, or ensure that all the information is properly cited to a reliable source.

Address topics related to historically underrepresented populations and the equity gaps by gathering more information and ensuring population samples of the studies are diverse or specific to one group of people, depending on what is being discussed (balance of both, there are limitations for each).

Lead section

Keep the title the same. Topic of the article is in bold which is good. The first sentence is direct and defines what the goals of preventive nutrition is, however, it may be plagiarized, so I will confirm this and then change the wording. Two other minor adjustments I would make are changing "nutrition science," to "nutritional science," and removing the first “or,” in the sentence, so it would read “…goal of preventing, delaying, or reducing the impacts of disease…"

Change the lead section so it is a clear summary of the article. Right now it seems repetitive and does not include everything the article talks about. First I will discuss what preventive nutrition is, and then summarize the major sections of the article.

Edit the second and third sentences so they are not so repetitive and mention some of the other points of focus that will be discussed in the article (athletics, mental health, etc.). Remove the quote. Introduce which diseases will be focused on (eg. obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease). Mention various diets that will be discussed (eg. Mediterranean Diet).

Possible article sections


 * 1) Lead section
 * 2) History
 * 3) Disease Prevention: obesity, cardiovascular disease (focus on hypertension), type 2 diabetes, mental health? (depression), and could mention nutrition therapy as well
 * 4) Diets: keto, DASH, Mediterranean, low fat, low carb, etc.
 * 5) Athletics (doesn't seem as relevant in this article, but could use nutrition to prevent injury?) - optimizing performance, preventing injury, promoting recovery
 * 6) Education and Implementation: World Health Organization, is preventive nutrition effective? is it used? is it well understood?
 * 7) Limitations: financial struggle (certain foods are expensive), time constraints (busy schedules), convenience of fast food
 * 8) Ongoing Research: how will this be used in the future? Is there room for further development?

Content

Add more information from high quality sources and improve organization of the article. Edit the "Athletics” section so it is more relevant to the topic (eg. how preventive nutrition is used among athletes to prevent injury and maximize performance). Take out subjective phrases like, "preventive nutrition can be the key to many athletes staying on the field in the first place." It discusses specific details of two studies, which I do not think is needed or relevant here. It uses the information to try to prove how nutrition can increase athletic performance, rather than simply providing information in a neutral way.

I start by working on "A Lack of Preventive Nutrition" section and include more information and resources. I will focus more on the diseases or conditions that can possibly be prevented or addressed with nutrition changes, and the possible consequences of poor nutrition habits.

Tone and balance

I will remove phrases like, “there are endless benefits to eating healthy, and everybody knows this," and “bad diet" (subjective and elusive). I will increase the specificity and clarity by providing details and examples, but remaining unbiased. I will also add some of the limitations, risks, and differing perspectives, because it seems unbalanced right now (mostly only benefits of preventive nutrition are discussed).

I would change the “Overlooked aspects” section title to "Challenges to nutrition," "Limitations," and rewrite that section from a neutral perspective. It discusses different barriers to eating healthy including, financial struggle, time constraints, and the convenience of fast food.

Sources and references

I will add more high-quality resources (eg. systematic reviews).