User:Numis Zuhair/Adoption School

Hi, and welcome to your adoption school. By the time you've completed the tests and tasks here, you should have a good working knowledge of Wikipedia's policies and processes, and should have no difficulty understanding and dealing with 99% of the the things you'll encounter on this site. You can ask me questions on my talkpage at any time if you aren't sure about anything here, and I also welcome suggestions for ways of improving this course.

You can complete the sections in any order; let me know when you've finished one and I'll mark it and close it for you. Save for a few cases, there are generally multiple ways to answer the questions; not many of them have clear right/wrong answers. Although I'll always try and give a reason for each mark, the basic responses you'll see are: In general, you need around an 80% ratio of ticks to crosses before I'll close a section - you're also free to have another go at questions which are yellow-ticked or crossed.
 * ✅ Good answer; interprets policy correctly and shows a sound understanding of the issues involved.
 * Incomplete/insufficient answer; whilst partly correct, there are better responses to this question.
 * Poor answer; shows an inadequate understanding of the policies and guidelines concerned.

Have fun!

Wikipedia is governed by a large number of policies and guidelines - don't worry, you aren't expected to know all of these when you start out (or even after being here for a while!). All of these rules, however, stem in one way or another from Wikipedia's fundamental principles, which are known as the Five Pillars. Learn these and you can hazard an educated guess at all the rest. Please take a few minutes to read through the following pages:
 * Pillar 1: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia
 * Pillar 2: Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view
 * Pillar 3: Wikipedia's content is free to reuse
 * Pillar 4: Editors should be civil in their interactions
 * Pillar 5: There are no firm rules

Cleanup
The Random article button (located in your left-hand sidebar menu) is very useful for locating articles that are in need of improvement (although I find that 90% of the time you get a random article on either an obscure village in the mountains of Pakistan or a little-known Eastern European football team...). However, there are easier ways to locate articles that need attention.

When editors come across a page that needs to be improved but they are unable to do so themselves (due to time constraints, lack of sources or just because they don't feel like it) they will often tag it with a cleanup tag. As well as placing a notice at the top of the page to say what needs doing, this also has the effect of listing the article in one of several cleanup categories. You can access most of these categories here.

General cleanup
What I'd like you to do is this: First, locate an article in need of cleanup. I'd suggest something fairly straightforward, like a page that needs copyediting for spelling and grammar (there's a full list of pages tagged thus here). Make three improvements to the page; these can be minor changes to word order, wikilinks, punctuation or typo fixes, I'm not fussed. When you've done this post a link to the article here - type the page name and enclose it in double square brackets, like this:. Fahad Ahmad
 * ✅ Nicely done. Please see some other articles around and do some cleanup. In case you believe that an article doesn't need more cleanup, you can remove the cleanup tags from it. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:07, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Typo fixes
Now go to the page Commonly misspelled words and select a word from the list there. Put the incorrect spelling of the word into the Wikipedia search bar at the top right, prefacing it with a single tilde, like this "~mispeling". The tilde means that, rather than searching for an article titled "Mispeling", the search engine will instead return a list of pages which contain the word "mispeling". You can now open each of these in turn, locate the typo, and change it to the correct spelling. Post here when you've fixed three typos in this way.

Markup
Wiki syntax can be, frankly, a right pain in the proverbials when you start editing. After a while, it becomes second nature - so much so that I now use it instinctively in places where it doesn't work, like emails and Word documents - but it takes time to become familiar with the nuances. Below are a list of markup tasks you can play about with to help increase your understanding. Most of the necessary codes are available at the cheatsheet.

Format the words on this line into bold text.

Format the words on this line into italic text.

✅ well done. This is how it is done. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:45, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Create a level 3 header for this line.

 * Indent this line.
 * Indent this line one level further than the previous one.

Outdent this line.


 * Headings are okay. However you need to to take care while doing outdent. You have to just use "outdent" or "od", placed inside braces for this. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:52, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Put the following quote into a separate block:.
 * Not done this way. Please have a look at Template:Blockquote and do this once again. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:52, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Turn the following into a numbered list:
 * 1) Item one
 * 2) Item two
 * 3) Item three
 * 4) Item four
 * It won't work until you put every item in separate line. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:52, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Turn the following into a bulleted list:
 * Item one
 * Item two
 * Item three
 * Item four
 * It won't work until you put every item in separate line. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:52, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Make the text on this line red.: You need to keep full stops out of the brackets. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:52, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Make the text on this line small.
 * You have not done this rightly. Have a look at Template:Small and do this again. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:52, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Create a link to the page on Barry Manilow
 * ✅ well done. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  19:52, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Create a link to the "Health" subsection of the Barry Manilow page. Make it display on this page as "Things that have gone wrong with Barry"Things that have gone wrong with Barry.
 * Didn't you try this? ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  20:04, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Create a link to the Wikipedia policy on maintaining a neutral point of view.Neutral point of view


 * When linking any internal articles that are available on Wikipedia, you have to do it by placing their title inside double brackets, like, Article title. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  20:04, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Make this link: http://www.britannica.co.uk display on this page as "Encyclopedia Britannica". [Britannica"]
 * ✅ I'll mark this as okay but you need to keep a space between the link and the title. This doesn't need double brackets either. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  20:04, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Add the Like template to the end of this line.
 * , templates work only if placed inside braces. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  20:04, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Make the picture of Emperor penguins at File:Emperor penguins.jpg display on this page as a thumbnail. Give it the caption: "A bunch of penguins". .
 * A good try but doesn't answer the question. It would work if you write it as  but placed inside double brackets. ─  The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  20:04, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Create a two column table. In column one, titled "Things", list the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. In column 2, titled "Stuff", list the first four things that spring to mind.
 * Following my notes, I'm marking this as ✅. Well done. Please continue with your next task. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  20:33, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

Reliable sources
Once you've learned how to cite refrences, it's important to know which references to cite. Wikipedia doesn't accept just anything found on the internet as a source - as Abraham Lincoln famously said, "The problem with quotes on the internet is that you can't always be sure of their authenticity". As a result, Wikipedia only accepts citations from reliable sources. Deciding what is and is not a reliable source can sometimes be a tricky process. Please read Identifying reliable sources and comment on the use of sources below, answering the following in each case: Note that the text quoted is not taken from the article - links to the articles in question are provided only for context.
 * 1) Does the source meet Wikipedia's guideline for reliable sources?
 * 2) Does the source verify the text?
 * 3) Does the source count towards the topic's notability? (note that not all sources which meet the criteria for reliability automatically help establish notability)

Kylie Minogue
Article text: Kylie Minogue was the headline act at the 2012 Malasian Grand Prix. Source cited:
 * 1) Cited source does not exist
 * Even if it existed, blogs are not considered reliable sources and thus they are not helpful for anything. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:15, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

Incisoscutum
Article text: Placoderms like Incisoscutum engaged in penetrative sex and gave birth to live young. Source cited: When we say that a resource verifies a certain sentence, it means that the sentence is contained somewhere in the source, fully discussed or summarized. Also, when unsure research stuff comes, it is better to add them as quotations, such as, "According to a research in 2020,........" until that research is formally established. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:22, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) The source is reliable for Wikipedia
 * 2) The source does not verify the text because the research claims that it might be true without surety.

Mohamed H.A. Hassan
Article text: Hassan is the Executive Director of TWAS. Source cited: Good catch, however, CV's uploaded at institutes where such people work are reliable for primary information. But they don't establish notability. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:26, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) The source is not reliable.
 * 2) The source verifies the text

Arthur & George
Article text: The book explains that Conan Doyle argued successfully that Edalji's nearsightedness would have prevented him from committing the crimes. Source cited:
 * 1) Reliable source
 * If you skim through it, you see Conan Doyle argued quite articulately and logically that George Edalji, who was near sighted, could in no way have committed the crime for which he was convicted which supports the above text. I'd also like to tell you that if a source is reliable and it significantly discusses its subject, it does count towards notability. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:33, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

This Providence
Article text: The band's Christian morality is clearly expressed through their song lyrics. Source cited:
 * 1) Not a reliable source to cite, It is just a random comment.
 * 2) The text does not verify the same.
 * ✅ Shopping websites, social media, and other such sources are not reliable at all so they do not help for anything. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:34, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

Mount Erebus
Article text: The mountain is named after the personification of darkness in ancient Greek mythology. Source cited: If you expand the source, you'll see that. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:38, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) The source is reliable.
 * 2) The text does not verify the same.

Ami Suzuki
Article text: Suzuki was born on February 9th, 1982. Source cited: IMDB is a user-generated site. It is not reliable and doesn't help for anything. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:39, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) The source is reliable.
 * 2) The text verify the same.
 * 3) The source counts the topic notability.

Seth Kimbrough
Article text: Kimbrough's earliest memory of BMX riding is the day that his brother taught him the "bunny hop" technique. Source cited: YouTube sources aren't reliable. See WP:RSPYT for further details. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:42, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) The source is reliable.
 * 2) The source does not verify the text.

Overall I suggest you to go through WP:RSNP and see what type of resources are help. Take some time and read WP:VERIFIABILITY and WP:GNG. This will help you in understanding what a reliable source looks like, how to verify information and how to check if a source adds to notability of a certain subject. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  03:44, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

Deletion
Often, you'll encounter pages that are not suitable for Wikipedia, for one reason or another. Have a read of this essay, and then refer to the deletion policy before tackling the questions below.

Speedy deletion
You may want to check the specific policy on speedy deletion to respond to the following test.

Below are a number of articles which may meet one or more of the speedy deletion criteria. For each example, say whether the article is an appropriate candidiate for speedy deletion, and which criterion it should be deleted under (some may be eligible under more than one). If you don't think it should be speedily deleted, say what you would do instead (if anything).

Assume unless otherwise stated that all of these are found in article space.

1. Danille Stross A.

2. Waichi A.

3. Zack de Vries A.

4. Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Barry Ross This example should be treated as an AfC submission A.

5. Alfreld Herchkerck A.

6. Blgah A. This should be deleted per G1 criteria of speedy deletion. This does not render any substantial meaning. Numis Zuhair (talk) 16:44, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

7. Portland Square Bombing A.

8. User:Chest McFlink This example should be treated as a userpage A.

9. Tsutomu Yukawa A.

10. Johnny Awesome A.

Thanks to for constructing some of the pages linked to.

Proposed deletion
Proposed deletion (PROD) is Wikipedia's way of dealing with articles that are patently unsuitable, but that don't fall under any of the criteria for speedy deletion. Examples might include: non-notable books or films, personal essays, non-notable albums by notable artists, news stories, dictionary definitions and how-to guides. Basically, anything that's covered by What Wikipedia is not but isn't covered under speedy deletion can be a viable candidate for PROD.

BLPPROD is a subset of the proposed deletion process that applies only to unsourced biographies of living people. Biographies of deceased people, or biographies with sources, are not subject to BLPPROD.

Read through the policies linked above, and then answer the following questions:

1. Why do we have a specific deletion process for unsourced biographies of living people? A.

2. You come across an obviously inappropriate article (it's an unsourced personal essay) and tag it for deletion under PROD. The page's creator removes the tag. What would your next step be? A.

3. You encounter a biography of a living person which contains four paragraphs of text, but only one reference (which does little more than verify the subject's name and existence). What tag would you place on the article? A.

4. Why were, and  incorrect applications of the BLPPROD tag? A.

5. An unsourced BLP is tagged with, and the tag is removed after the addition of two sources. The page is still unsuitable for Wikipedia (it concerns an individual who's clearly only notable for one event, and is not likely to be notable for any other reason). Can you legitimately apply a regular template to the article? A.

Articles for deletion
Articles for deletion is a process for dealing with cases where an editor feels that an article should be deleted, but that article is not suitable for speedy deletion and a proposed deletion would be or has been contested. In other words, you would use AFD if you think that other editors might disagree with the decision to delete. At AFD, articles are put up for discussion for (usually) one week, and any editor is free to comment on whether the page should be deleted or not.

When nominating an article for AFD, it's important to explain your reasoning. If the page could have been deleted as obviously non-notable, you need to explain why you think it isn't notable, and why you are using AFD instead of PROD or CSD. If your reason for deletion is anything other than notability, you need to show which policy it violates.

When !voting in an AFD discussion (we use the term "!vote" instead of "vote" to indicate that AFD isn't a majority vote; decisions are not made purely on headcount), it's important to note (and preferably link to) the policies under which you feel the article should be deleted, and explain why it does not meet those policies. Whilst a lot of AFDs contain !votes that read, "per nominator", these are not given much weight by the reviewing administrators. If you want your opinion to count, you need to offer an explanation for your reasoning. There are also many common arguments to avoid; making any of these will not help your case.

It is a great help to the reviewing administrator if you keep your comments in an AFD discussion concise and relevent to the discussion. Tangential arguments and long screeds tend to derail the discussion, and can make it very difficult to establish consensus. You should take a look at the the best practice guidelines for contributors before getting stuck in.

No quiz here, but instead, I'd like you to comment at five AFD discussions, and link to them below.

1. Articles for deletion/Ahmadiyya in Bahrain

2. Articles for deletion/Faridpur Jamia Islamia Madrasah

3. Articles for deletion/Biswanath College

4. Articles for deletion/REPLACE THIS TEXT WITH NAME OF ARTICLE

5. Articles for deletion/REPLACE THIS TEXT WITH NAME OF ARTICLE

Whilst mastering the technical nuances of Wikipedia can be a challenge (one you've hopefully overcome in the above sections), it pales in comparison to navigating the delicate web of interaction between Wikipedia's users. Although our primary goal - one we should never lose sight of - is the construction of the world's greatest encylopedia, the nature of the project means that you will have to communicate with other editors in order to get things done.

Politeness
The most fundamental policy governing user interaction is Civility, one of the Five Pillars you learned about earlier. Basically, you are expected to communicate with other editors in a respectful manner, assume that they are acting in good faith and avoid insulting or otherwise attacking them. Remember, behind every IP or ridiculous username is a real person, and it's that real person who is being hurt by insults, accusations and abuse hurled their way.

1. What would your response be if another user called you a "blithering imbecile"? A.

2. A source you added to an article is removed with the edit summary, "Removing crappy reference". Is this a personal attack? A.

3. In the heat of the moment, you refer to another editor as an "idiot". He posts this template on your talkpage and reports you to the administrators board. You respond to the report at the admin board - what do you say? A.

Assuming good faith
In learning about vandalism, you will have come across the idea of a "good faith edit", i.e. an edit that doesn't actually improve the article, but was made with the intention of doing so. The same applies to other editors' posts in discussions. Whilst it may seem that User:X is belittling you at every turn and is clearly biased and/or incompetent, there's actually a strong likelihood that he believes the same thing of you, and is doing his best to protect Wikipedia from what he sees as your problematic editing. In the same vein, don't automatically assume that a comment you find upsetting was intended to cause an upset - other users don't know you, and they don't know what sort of thing will push your buttons.

1. You add a large amount of sourced text to an article, which another editor removes. When you discuss it on the talkpage, the editor argues that your source "was written by an incompetent sot" and implies (but doesn't directly state) that you must be equally incompetent to have used it. How do you respond? A.

2. You encounter a new editor who is removing sourced content from a biographical page, claiming that it is disrespectful to the subject to include it. How do you explain the situation to them? A.

Consensus
Decisions on Wikipedia are made based on community consensus. This means that we are largely unconcerned with issues of right or wrong, true or false, correct or incorrect - what matters on Wikipedia is what the community decides. Because not every user can be involved in every possible discussion, we have policies and guidelines that have developed widespread consensus for use, and these serve to provide the opinion of Wikipedia editors in general. For example, in an Articles for deletion discussion or a Request for comment, only a handful users will participate - but by quoting relevent policies (such as WP:What Wikipedia is not) they are able to convey the established view of the Wikipedia community as a whole.

For this reason, local consensus does not override policy - if you can get three people on a talkpage to agree to include a link to your fansite on your favourite actor's article, that doesn't mean you have the authority to override the policy on external links.

That said, it is important to get agreement from the community for any potentially controversial edit or action you wish to make, even if you believe it to be in line with policy. If you make such an edit and it gets reverted, the appropriate response is to discuss it with the user who reverted you, ideally on the article's talkpage so that other users can comment too. Only when there is clear agreement (not necessarily unanimous, but definitely obvious to an outside observer) to include your revision should you go ahead with it.

1. At Articles for deletion, a discussion has taken place in which User:X proposes deleting a page (because after much searching, no-one has been able to locate suitable sources for it) and User:Y proposes keeping it because they have found it useful for a research project. Four other editors chime in to support the Keep vote, all with the rationale, "per User:Y, page is useful" or something very similar. You are the admin closing the discussion; do you close it as Keep, Delete or No Consensus, and why? A.

2. On an article talkpage, three users disagree with your addition of an external link to the subject's official site, even though such a link is allowed under the External links policy. No other editors have supported your position. What do you do? A.

Conflicts of interest
A lot of users come to Wikipedia for the first time with the intention of writing about their company/band/charity/self. Editors who do this have a conflict of interest with Wikipedia.

1. What do you understand by the term "conflict of interest"? A.

2. What advice would you give an editor who wants to write an article about their start-up company on Wikipedia? A.

3. User:FredAtBillsWidgets has created a draft article about the company Bill's Widgets. The content is reasonably neutral, and he has sourced the page to three local newspaper stories which talk about the company in some depth. What action - if any - do you take on discovering the draft? A.

Resolving disputes
If two or more editors are unable to agree on some aspect of an article, and no consensus seems to be possible, then continuing to argue on the talkpage is somewhat futile. Recognising this, Wikipedia has developed a number of processes for resolving such disputes. In rough order of escalation, these are:
 * Third opinion. If only two editors are involved, they can request that another uninvolved editor examines the dispute and gives their opinion. This is not binding, but the fresh perspective can sometimes break the deadlock.
 * Request for comment. Starting a Request for comment (RFC) on the article's talkpage will attract other editors who are not involved with the dispute - basically, a whole load of third opinions. RFCs are usually constructed around a simple yes/no proposal, e.g. "Should content about the subject's hairstyle be included in the article", which editors either support or oppose. RFCs typically invite comment for a month before closing. The results of an RFC are not technically binding, but they are generally considered to be indicative of consensus and so are usually adhered to.
 * Dispute resolution noticeboard. Reports posted on the Dispute resolution noticeboard (DRN) are viewed by numerous editors who will try and mediate the disagreement. The DRN is often used for disputes which are more complex than the simple support/oppose mechanism of an RFC, such as disputes involving accusations of sockpuppetry, multiple pages or several interrelated content issues.
 * Mediation. The Mediation Committee is a small group of trusted editors who will formally oversee a structured debate on a disputed issue. All involved parties must agree to mediation, and are expected (though not obliged) to abide by any successful outcome.
 * Arbitration. If all other options in resolving a dispute have been exhausted, the case can be brought to the Arbitration Committee (ArbCom). This is a panel of editors (almost always highly experienced administrators) who have been elected by the community to provide a final resolution to disputes. Decisions made by the Arbitration Committee are binding, meaning that users who edit in defiance of an ArbCom ruling may be blocked or otherwise sanctioned.

No questions on this section; the above is provided purely for your information. Hopefully, you'll never have to use any of it!

Vandals
Because anyone can edit Wikipedia, not all the edits that are made are constructive - some, in fact, are deliberately disruptive and need to be reverted. Please have a read of this essay and this guideline, then answer the questions and perform the tasks below. There's no time limit for this, it's more important that your work in this area be accurate than fast. If you aren't sure whether it's vandalism or not, it probably isn't.

Good faith and vandalism

 * Please explain below the difference between a good faith edit and a vandalism edit, and how you would tell them apart.

1. 2. 3.
 * Please find and revert three examples of good faith but unhelpful edits, and three examples of vandalism. Please warn the editors with the correct template and give the diffs of your revisions below.

Warning and reporting

 * Please answer the following questions
 * Why do we warn users?
 * When would a 4im warning be appropriate?
 * What should you do if a user who has received a level 4 or 4im warning vandalises again?
 * Please give examples of three warnings that you might need to use while vandal patrolling and explain what they are used for.
 * Find and revert some vandalism. Warn each user appropriately, using the correct kind of warning and level. Posts the diffs of those warnings below.
 * Find an edit which could be a test edit and revert it. Warn the user with the most appropriate template, then post the diff below.
 * Report 2 users to AIV and post the diffs below. Be sure to follow the guidelines and only report users where necessary; do not report simply for the sake of this task.

Dealing with difficult users

 * Why do we deny recognition to trolls and vandals?
 * How can you tell between a good faith user asking why you reverted their edit, and a troll trying to harass you?

Protection

 * In what circumstances should a page be semi-protected?
 * In what circumstances should a page be fully protected?
 * Correctly request the protection of one page (semi or full); post the diff of your request (from WP:RPP) below.

Copyright
You probably already know that copy-pasting text from elsewhere is strongly frowned upon in Wikipedia. It's one of the things newer editors often fall foul of. Copyright, because it has legal ramifications in the real world, is one of the most important things to get right here, and for the same reason, is also a bit of a minefield. I've prepared a short quiz to test your understanding of the major issues, however you'll need to do a bit of background reading first. The principal pages that cover copyright issues are as follows: All the answers you're likely to need should be in one or more of these pages.
 * Wikipedia's official copyright status and licensing
 * Wikipedia's policy on copyright violations
 * Wikipedia's policy on image copyright
 * Instructions on donating copyrighted material

1. You find a book on Amazon that appears to be reusing the text of Wikipedia articles - in fact, they proudly announce it on the cover! The book costs £20.00. Are they allowed to use other writers' work to make money in this way? If so, why? If not, why not? A.

2. Is it ever permissible to copy and paste text from another website to Wikipedia? If so, under what circumstances would this be allowed? A.

3. A new user uploads a picture of Tony Blair from a newspaper article in the free newspaper The Metro. The newspaper has national circulation, and is read by millions of people daily, so the image is already readily available; it's also easy to find on Google Images. Is this picture:
 * a) Acceptable under "fair use"?
 * b) Acceptable because it's in the public domain?
 * c) Acceptable because it doesn't cost anything - the newspaper is given away for free?
 * d) Acceptable for some other reason?
 * e) Unacceptable because it's under copyright?
 * f) Unacceptable for another reason?

Please give a brief reason for your answer. A.

4. You find a new article that appears to contain a block of text (about half the article's content) which has been copied directly from a non-free source. The rest of the article seems to be original material. What do you do? A.

5. An editor adds some text from a website that he owns the copyright to. He has issued a statement on the original website saying that, "the content of this site can be freely used on the English version of Wikipedia". Is the text acceptable? If not, why not? A.

6. A user uploads an image that he has created, a Microsoft Paint version of a diagram from a copyrighted work. His version is all but identical to the original, but is definitely his own work. Can this image be used on Wikipedia? A.

7. Some images may be better off being uploaded to Wikimedia Commons rather than Wikipedia. To which project would you upload the following:
 * a) A screenshot from Doom 3'.
 * b) An image from Flickr that had been released under a CC-BY-SA licence.
 * c) A scan of a medieval painting, dating to 1223.
 * d) A photograph of Ian Botham that you took yourself at a cricket match.
 * e) A picture of your hand, taken by your cousin (he says he's happy for you to use it however you see fit).
 * f) A low-resolution copy of a company logo.

A.

8. The subject of an article, a minor local celebrity, has uploaded a promotional photo of himself, taken at a book signing, to use on his Wikipedia page. Does he own the copyright to it? Can it be used on Wikipedia? A.

9. A new editor wants to use text from her website on Wikipedia. Assuming that the text is suitably impartial and that she isn't affiliated with the subject, what would you advise her to do in order to allow Wikipedia to use her work? A.

10. An editor adds the text, "Carter's discovery of the tomb created a sensation in London, where he was widely celebrated. Banners were hung in his honour, and a national holiday was declared," to the article Howard Carter. The source provided for this text (a recently published book on Carter's life) contains the wording, "His discovery of Tutankhamun's grave created a sensation back in London, where he was heavily feted. People hung banners from their windows in his honour, and the Queen declared a national holiday." Has the editor committed a copyright violation? A.