User:Nwilli34/sandbox

Food Deserts Promote Stereotypes in the black community Outline
[I get where you are going with this, but you probably need to shorten this sub-section; Food Deserts and Stereotypes of the Black Community?]

Beyond physical access[edit]
The primary criterion for a food desert is its proximity to a healthy food market. When such a market is in reach for its residents, a food desert ceases to exist. But this does not mean that residents will now eat healthy. A longitudinal study of food deserts in JAMA Internal Medicine shows that supermarket availability is generally unrelated to fruit and vegetable recommendations and over diet quality.[citation needed] The availability of unhealthy foods at supermarkets may impact this relation because they tempt customers to overspend and indulge in luxury, pre-cooked foods. Supermarkets may have such an adverse effect because they put independently owned grocery stores out of business. Independently owned grocery stores have their benefits because they are more responsive to customer needs and provide food that adequately serves community members. Therefore, simply providing healthier food access, according to Janne Boone-Heinonen et al., cannot completely eliminate food deserts, this access must be paired with education.[citation needed] In a recent article in Guernica, Karen Washington states these factors beyond physical access suggest the community should reexamine the word food desert itself. She believes the term food apartheid more accurately captures the circumstances surrounding access to affordable nutritious foods. Washington says, "When we say food apartheid the real conversation can begin."

Access to food options is not the only barrier to healthier diets and improved health outcomes. Wrigley et al. collected data before and after a food desert intervention to explore factors affecting supermarket choice and perceptions regarding healthy diet in Leeds, United Kingdom. Pre-tests were administered prior to a new store opening and post-tests were delivered 2 years after the new store had opened. The results showed that nearly half of the food desert residents began shopping at the newly built store, however, only modest improvements in diet were recorded.

A similar pilot study conducted by Cummins et al. focused on a community funded by the Pennsylvania Fresh Food Financing Initiative. They conducted follow up after a grocery store was built in a food desert to assess the impact. They found that "simply building new food retail stores may not be sufficient to promote behavior change related to diet." Studies like these showed that living close to a store stocked with fruits and vegetables does not make an impact on food choices.

A separate survey also found that supermarket and grocery store availability did not generally correlate with diet quality and fresh food intake. Pearson et al. further confirmed that physical access is not the sole determinant of fruit and vegetable consumption. Impediments common with places that are not food deserts remain.

Work and family[edit]
People who have nonstandard work hours that include rotating or evening shifts may have difficulty shopping at stores that close earlier and instead shop at fast food or convenience stores that are generally open later. Under welfare-to-work reforms enacted in 1996, a female adult recipient must log 20 hours a week of "work activity" to receive SNAP benefits. If they live in a food desert and have family responsibilities, working as well may limit time to travel to obtain nutritious foods as well as prepare healthful meals and exercise.

Safety and store appearance[edit]
Additional factors may include how different stores welcome different groups of people and nearness to liquor stores. Residents in a 2010 Chicago survey complained that in-store issues like poor upkeep and customer service were also impediments. Safety can also be an issue for those in high crime areas, especially if they have to walk carrying food and maybe also with a child or children.

Fast food[edit]
A possible factor affecting obesity and other "diet-related diseases" is the proximity of fast food restaurants and convenience stores compared to "full-access" grocery stores. Proximity to fast food restaurants correlates with a higher BMI, while proximity to a grocery store correlates with a lower BMI, according to one study.

A 2011 review used fifteen years of data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study to examine the fast-food consumption of more than 5,000 young American adults aged 18–30 years in different geographic environments. The study found that fast food consumption was directly related to the proximity of fast food restaurants among low-income participants. The research team concluded that "alternative policy options such as targeting specific foods or shifting food costs (subsidization or taxation)" may be complementary and necessary to promote healthy eating habits while increasing the access to large food stores in specific regions and limit the availability of fast food restaurants and small food stores. Some cities already restrict the location of fast food and other food retailers that do not provide healthy food.

Fast food restaurants are disproportionately placed in low-income and minority neighborhoods and are often the closest and cheapest food options. "People living in the poorest SES areas have 2.5 times the exposure to fast-food restaurants as those living in the wealthiest areas". Multiple studies were also done in the US regarding racial/ethnic groups and the exposure to fast food restaurants. One study in South Los Angeles, where there is a higher percentage of African Americans, found that there was less access to healthier stores and more access to fast food compared to West Los Angeles, which has a lower African American population. In another study in New Orleans, it was found that communities that were predominantly African American had 2.4 fast food restaurants per square mile while predominantly white neighborhoods had 1.5 fast food restaurants per square mile. Researchers found that fast food companies purposely target minority neighborhoods when conducting market research to open new fast food restaurants. Existing segregation makes it easier for fast food companies to identify these target neighborhoods. This practice increases the concentration of fast food restaurants in minority neighborhoods.

Behavior and social and cultural barriers[edit]
The likelihood of being food insecure for Latinos is 22.4%, for African Americans 26.1% and for whites, 10.5%. People who are food insecure often will find themselves having to cut back more at the end of the month when their money or food stamps run out. Month to month, there are other special occasions that may warrant higher spending on food such as birthdays, holidays, or other special treats. Because people who are food insecure are still fundamentally involved in society, so they are faced with the other stressors of life as well as the additional frustration or guilt that comes with not being able to feed themselves or their family.

Other studies have documented a sense of loyalty towards the owners of neighborhood convenience stores as an explanation as to why residents may not change their shopping behaviors.

Steven Cummins also proposed that food availability is not the problem: it is eating habits. Pearson et al. urge food policy to focus on the social and cultural barriers to healthy eating. For instance, New York City's public-private Healthy Bodegas Initiative has aimed to encourage bodegas to carry milk and fresh produce and local residents to purchase and consume them.

Outline
I.The article that I will be contributing to is Food Deserts.

II.The information that is already on this entry is the History of the Food Desert which basically discusses the first common use of the term and eventually the how the official term became used to describe low income areas with not much diversity of places to dine. Different definitions of the food deserts. The radius that food places have to be in relative to the population that is lower classed and seen as affected by unhealthy eating. The income of the people who live in these food deserts are mentioned along with the price needing to be dropped by certain healthy food stores. Food deserts occur in urban and rural areas. If it is physically impossible for people to reach healthy food easily then the area is determined as a food desert.

III.The information that I will be contributing is a new section on the stereotypes that Food Deserts contribute to.


 * People of color have the highest rate of being over weight
 * There being a stereotypes for blacks being heavy than the average person


 * Showing food deserts is a human rights violation because it humiliates a community and affects health as well.

First Draft of Wiki Entry
Food Deserts Contributing to Black Stereotypes

The black community and people of color in general are targeted for unhealthy food choices through different media platforms. Foods industries that have no nutritional value often promote their products with African American celebrities or big names. Often times food establishments with more healthy habits are promote by a more European face. Psychologically there is more of an influence to purchase things that people of similar ethnicity also purchase so this is a repeated cycle. Food deserts and non-diverse promotion has backed a myth which makes people of color and other ethnic groups see colored people as being heavier naturally or because of there diet for years as a people. Colored people in lower income homes and communities have come to believe that the food they are eating does not affect health but more so there genes play a more important part; although it is true that characteristics are common among races, this shouldn't affect a certain category in that said race. For the past 20 years women of color have become more easily obese. This is a very big problem when on the topic of human rights because this is showing that the current society that allows food deserts does not see low income colored communities as full citizens. There is no representation of clean eating or a healthy lifestyle for lower income colored and when there is it is very few. This shows an image or a stereotype of colored low income communities that the world sees and so does the nation. This also plays into these communities fulfilling the image or stereotype that is seen by the public/society that they are currently living in.

Second Draft of Wiki Entry
Food Deserts Contributing to Black Stereotypes

The black community and people of color in general are targeted (p.v./by whom?) for unhealthy food choices through different media platforms. Foods industries (products?) that have no nutritional value often promote their products with celebrities of color or big names (awk wording). Often times food establishments with more healthy habits (choices?) are promote by a more European face (unclear). Psychologically there is more of an influence to purchase things that people of similar ethnicity also purchase so this is a repeated cycle. Food deserts and non-diverse promotion has backed a myth which makes people of color and other ethnic groups see colored people as being heavier naturally or because of there diet for years as a people. Colored (African Americans) people in lower income homes and communities have come to believe that the food they are eating does not affect health but more so there genes play a more important part; although it is true that characteristics are common among races, this shouldn't affect a certain category in that said race (run-on). For the past 20 years women of color have become more easily obese. This is a very big problem when on the topic of human rights because this is showing that the current society that allows food deserts does not see low income colored communities as full citizens (flip order of sentence; move with other sentence that is similar or remove). There is no representation (models?) of clean eating or a healthy lifestyle for lower income colored and when there is it is very few. This shows an image or a stereotype of colored low income communities that the world sees and so does the nation (unclear). This also plays into these communities fulfilling the image or stereotype that is seen by the public/society that they are currently living in. One from an outside perspective (like) would find it hard to judge the situation because there is no experience so the people in communities with lack of healthy food are a lot of times seen as wanting the type of unhealthy food in their communities. This relates back to human rights on a global scale because (remove first part of this sentence, this may need to go earlier) Every human being deserves to have access to nutritional foods that are reasonably priced for that person or community income.

'''I think you have good sources here, as well as good material, but you need to rephrase so it doesn't sound like opinion; also watch for clarity in syntax and run-on sentences. Some of the information here is unclear - try reading aloud to make sure your points are coming across clearly!'''

Final Draft
Food Deserts Contributing to Black Stereotypes

The black community and people of color in general are targeted by large food corporations for unhealthy food choices through different media platforms. Foods industries such as sprite and McDonalds that have no nutritional value often promote their products with celebrities of color or big names in general. Often times food establishments with more healthy habits like Whole Foods are promote by a more European face. Psychologically there is more of an influence to purchase things that people of similar ethnicity also purchase so this is a repeated cycle. Food deserts and non-diverse promotion has backed a myth which makes people of color and other ethnic groups see colored people as being heavier naturally or because of there diet for years as a people. Colored people in lower income homes and communities have come to believe that the food they are eating does not affect health but more so there genes play a more important part. Although it is true that characteristics are common among races, this shouldn't affect a certain category in that said race. For the past 20 years women of color have become more easily obese. This is a very big problem when on the topic of human rights because this is showing that the current society that allows food deserts does not see low income colored communities as full citizens. There is no representation of clean eating or a healthy lifestyle for lower income colored and when there is it is very few. This shows an image or a stereotype of colored low income communities that the world sees and so does the nation. This also plays into these communities fulfilling the image or stereotype that is seen by the public/society that they are currently living in. One from an outside perspective would find it hard to judge the situation because there is no experience so the people in communities with lack of healthy food are a lot of times seen as wanting the type of unhealthy food in their communities. This relates back to human rights on a global scale because every human being deserves to have access to nutritional foods that are reasonably priced for that person or community income.

Outline in words

 * 1) Advertisement that is purposefully without variety has contributed to the mass of the lower class black community becoming very much over weight.
 * 2) The racial discrimination of color peopled body times combined with the unhealthy affect that food deserts have on the body made black people think somewhere down the line that they are just naturally larger ,width wise, than most other races. This then leads other races to believe that most black people are naturally bigger than everyone.
 * 3) Food deserts are a human rights violation because it affects the community of lower income colored people specifically.  It then does not become a problem with a nation wide or world wide spectrum, it then becomes a race problem.  At this point a specific race is being targeted and therefore their rights are being violated so this became a human rights issue.

Outline of Food desert causing stereotypes in black community
Kotey Thomas; Peer Review:

First off, Hey classmate! If you need to know who I am or talk to me further about my peer edit then Im the redhead in the class and I usually sit at the front on the right side of the classroom. But alright first I would place the numbers under references next to the information in your add-in from the source you got it from. Also I would avoid seeming as though you are being opinionated instead of just stating factual evidence. Like instead of saying that the black community is being targeted word it more like within the black community the rate of unhealthy food options is higher than other neighborhoods, or lack of healthy food options, access to grocery stores are less than in...wherever. Then you would state your facts. When stating things, you must come up with statistics and examples to back them up; even though it may be popular opinion or a well known truth, it is invalid unless there is a source that plays on logos (logic/statistics behind what exactly is happening). Do not used outdated terms like "colored"; instead use Black, African-American, or people of color. Use your sources for statistics and factual results of those stats; not opinions or statements that are may be truth, but have no backing.