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Baubau is a city in Southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia. The city is located on the southwest coast of Buton island. Baubau attained city status on 21 June 2001, based on Law Number 13 of 2001. It covers an area of 294.98 km2, including about 30 km2 of water area, and had a population of 136,991 at the 2010 Census and 159,248 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 161,280. The city is the economic center of Buton Island region and the second largest city in the province. It was cultural center of Butonese people and former capital of Sultanate of Buton, colonial administration of Eastern Sulawesi, and for a brief moment the entire Southeast Sulawesi until 1955 when the capital status and economic development shifted to neighbouring Kendari.

Etymology
There are several theories regarding the origin of the city's name. First, it came from word "bhaau" in Butonese language that means "new", due to the fact the location was a bustling new town after the royal compound in Wolio under Sultanate of Buton. Other theory suggest that it simply came from Malay word "bau" means "smells", due to the fact it was a busy port town with fish markets around the area that made bad smells. It was also suggested that the word might came from Bugis noble title "Andi Bau", whose holders settled in the city fleeing the conflict in South Sulawesi during first and second Bone Wars against the Dutch.

Early and colonial history
According to local legends, the history of the city started when four entourage groups of Malay merchants in late 13th century landed on Buton Island. The first and second groups called Sipajonga and Simalui landed on the southern coast bringing with them a banner that said would became the banner of the sultanate. The third and fourth groups called Sitamanjo and Sijawangkati landed on the northern coast and eventually moved inland to south where they eventually established in the area that is now Wolio Fortress, becoming the center of governance. These are collectively known as "mia patamiana" which were said to be origin of the royal family. The sultanate was initially said to be unification of four villages that later founded the kingdom. Spread of Islam reached the region after a visiting scholar from Johor in the 16th century converted the ruling royals and eventually turned the kingdom into a sultanate with its own constitution called "Murtabat Tujuh". During much of its existance, the political position of the Buton Sultanate was described as "like a shuttle cock" played by bigger players such as Makassar, Ternate, and the Dutch East India Company. It was constantly under threat of invasion by neighbouring Sultanate of Gowa and raids by pirate ships from Sultanate of Ternate, and eventually fall under Dutch East Indies protection in the 17th century. As time goes on, settlement grew around Wolio Fortress and the palace complex that eventually become Baubau city.

In 1911, under the Dutch colonial government, the city became capital of Afdeeling Oost Celebes and the governance of whole eastern Sulawesi region was consolidated to the city. As the consequence, the city grew in administrative importance and received modern infrastructures for the first time such as sealed roads, cable telephone, as well as military installment. The development of the city infrastructure was modeled after Sibolga and particularly driven to fight the spread of malaria due to swampy nature of the region. This was followed by economic expansion to the rest of Buton Island starting with opening of asphalt mine in 1924 where the result was then used to construct inland roads to economically important area in the island where coconut plantations and harvested forest goods such as rattan can be found. During this time, the city also saw founding of migrant quarters such as Kampung Bone and Kampung Wajo. Baubau acted as main port and collecting center of goods produced around it as well as main market town.

Recent history
In the aftermath of Indonesian independence, Baubau's economic importance declined due to shift in governance. However, at the same time, the political powers shifted from the sultanate to local figures and politicians. Local parliament was formed and election was held in 1955, where Masyumi and Indonesian National Party gained the most seats (respectively 6 seats and 5 seats). The local parliament met in an ethnic Chinese school building in the city on 21 July 1953 consisted of appointed members prior to the election.

It was briefly capital of the Southeast Sulawesi Regency (today corresponding to Southeast Sulawesi province) before 1955 according to Law Number 34 of 1952. The regency was later divided into four regencies which are Buton Regency with Baubau as its seat, Kendari Regency with Kendari as its seat, Kolaka Regency with Kolaka as its seat, and Muna Regency with Raha as its seat. When the Southeast Sulawesi province formed, Kendari was chosen instead as the capital which resulted in Baubau becoming less relevant economically and politically. Despite the creation of the province was a result of popular demand, the vision was initially that Baubau to be the capital, hence the decision to choose Kendari was seen as betrayal of the original demand for the province. The decision to choose Kendari instead of Baubau was the result of the city lost in a voting (45 votes for Kendari, as opposed to 27 votes for Baubau) as well as maladministration practice, where the city drafted two different budgets done by two different officials at the same time, creating dualism in the city's bureaucracy. Both cities, Kendari and Baubau, later in late 1950s also suffered from influx of refugee due to Darul Islam rebellion. People from outside the cities were evacuated to camps within the city and kidnappings of civilians by Darul Islam forces were a commonplace until 1960s.

Baubau was granted city status in 2001 following fall of Suharto and decentralization that follows, separating itself from Buton Regency. In recent years after the creation of the city, there has been demands by Butonese to create a new province named Buton Islands Province with Baubau as the capital, separating itself from the rest of Southeast Sulawesi. The creation of this province has not been implemented yet despite support by governor of Southeast Sulawesi and Regional Representative Council due to moratorium for creating new autonomous regions under presidency of Joko Widodo.

Geography
Geographically, Baubau lies between lattitute 5.21°S–5.33°S and longitude 122.30°E–122.47°E, and is located in the southern part of Southeast Sulawesi region. Baubau is bordered to the north by the Buton Strait (between Buton Island and Muna Island), to the east by the Kapontori District and to the south by the Pasarwajo District which both belongs to Buton Regency, and also to the west by the Kadatua District which is part of South Buton Regency.

The topographical condition of Baubau mainly consists of mountains and hills. Long coasts and long hills stretch above the surrounding terrain with the variation of altitude between 0–100 meters above mean sea level. Baubau has a land slope between up to 40%. The dominant soil type in the city are cambisol, podzol, and latosol. Soil in the city and the rest of Buton Island are not fertile and relatively unsuitable for large-scale farming. Similar to other Indonesian cities, Baubau has tropical weather. The day and night temperatures vary from around 29°–33 °C during the daytime and 20°–29 °C during the nighttime.

Administrative division
The city is divided into eight districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The city was previously divided into just 4 districts; Betoambari (then including Murhum) had an area of 34.34 km2; Wolio (then including Kokalukuna) had an area of 26.77 km2; Sorawolio had an area of 82.25 km2; and Bungi (then including Lea-Lea) had an area of 76.64 km2. The most recent addition is Batupoaro, cut out of Murhum. The table includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the numbers of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and its post codes.

Government and politics
As with all Indonesian cities, it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it has a status equivalent to a regency. Executive power lies in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are carried out by local parliaments. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by the people of the city in an election. The heads of districts are appointed directly by the city mayor with recommendations by the city secretary.

The city is part of 4th Southeast Sulawesi electoral district together with Buton Regency, Wakatobi Regency, Central Buton Regency, and South Buton Regency, which together send 10 seats of representatives out of 45 seats in the provincial parliament. On city level, the city is divided into three electoral districts with total seats of 25. The last election was in 2019 and the next one will be held in 2024. Below listed inside the table all electoral districts in the city with their respective amount of seats.

Economy
Baubau's gross regional domestic product in 2023 was valued at 7.449 trillion Rupiah. Largest contributor to the city's economy is trade and retail sector which consist of 21.44% of the city's GRDP in 2023, followed by construction with 21.01%, and agriculture at 15.60%. The city's agriculture centers are Bungi, Sorawalio, and Lea-lea districts where it hs 59.6% of the city's registered agriculture business. The most produced commodities from the city's agriculture are papaya and jackfruit with total output of 3,610 and 2,143 tonnes respectively in 2023. Other produce includes pineapple, tangerine, and dragonfruit. There's also around 1,300 hectares allocated for ricefield within the city boundaries. However, these lands are underutilized and often abandoned by the farmers due to the city's soil being unsuitable for large-scale rice farming.

The city also has significant seaweed farming output, exporting 4,914 tonnes in 2022. Fishery is another sector within the city with potential for exports. Fish that are presents in the catch by fishing boats around the city are decapterus fish, anchovies, mackarel tuna, and skipjack tuna. In addition to fresh catches, Baubau is also a center of fish processing industry from nearby regions, with around 10 thousand tonnes of fish frozen and re-exported elsewhere from the city in 2021. The city planned to establish shrimp aquaculture industry within the city starting in 2023.

On service sector, the city has total of 50 registered hotels and 177 registered restaurant business. The city on 2023 was visited mostly by domestic tourist with figure of 108,329 while foreign tourist only has figure of 289 in the same year. There are also eight designated public market buildings and 1,559 registered warungs in 2023. This sector contributed around 1.21% to the city's economy. The city has 3,458 registered small and micro industries in 2020, which employed 8,148 people within the same year. About 28,000 people from the city participated in economic activities related or within SMEs that exist within the city in 2023.

The fastest growing sector in the city is service sector with 11.05% growth between 2022 and 2023, while the fastest declining sector during the same time is manufacturing with decline of more than 22%. Economic growth of the overall city in 2023 was 3.38%, slowing down from previous year's 5,28%.

Demographics
The most populous district in the city is Wolio district which has 27% of the city's population as of 2023. This is followed by Batupoaro district with 17%, and Betoambari, Murhum, and Kokalukuna districts with each 13%, while the rest of the 17% remaining are distributed among other three districts (Lea-lea, Bungi, and Sorawolio). Population growth of the city within the same year was 1.18% with Bungli district growing the fastest with figure of 3.34%. Sex ratio of the city is 98.45 in 2023, but varied when it comes to districts; with some districts having larger male population hence larger sex ratio such as Lea-lea and Bungli, while others have lower male population resulting in smaller sex ratio such as Wolio and Murhum. From the total population of 161,280 in 2023, 84,185 are considered belongs to economically active group. Unemployment rate was 2.17% within the same year according to Statistics Indonesia. The population pyramid of the city is dominated by those between age 14 to 34 years old and the structure is expansive as of 2021, indicating young population of the city. The religious demography of the city is dominated by Muslims with 96.65%, followed by Hindu as the second largest religion with 1.64%, Protestanism with 0.99%, Catholicism with 0.37% and Buddhism with 0.05% according to data from late 2021. The literacy rate in the city as of 2023 was 97.52%. Beside Indonesian language, Wolio language is also spoken and taught in schools. Most of the city's inhabitants are consisting mainly of the Butonese with minority of Buginese, Moluccans, Javanese, and Sundanese migrants from other parts of Indonesia.

Education
The city has total 110 kindergartens, 80 elementary schools, 38 junior highschools, 18 senior highschools, in addition of eight vocational highschools and five tertiary education institutions registered in the city according to Statistics Indonesia. Universities in the city includes Buton Muhammadiyah University, a private university run by Muhammadiyah, Baubau Polytechnic, and Dayanu Ikhsanuddin University. All universities and colleges in the city are private.

Healthcare
The city has total seven hospitals, three polyclinics, 26 puskesmas, and 23 registered pharmacies. From the seven hospitals, four are general hospitals. One of these hospitals, Baubau City Regional General Hospital, is a public hospital managed by the city government and classified by Ministry of Healthcare as C-class hospital. The rest of the hospitals are private including one operated under brand of Siloam Hospitals.

Transportation


The city has total road length of 472.330 kilometers, most of which are roads managed by the city government. National road in the city only has length of 53.4 kilometers, while provincial roads only has length of 9.45 kilometers. Around 316 kilometres of the road are paved with asphalt, while the rest are of varying degree of quality such as with gravel and soil as of 2023. Main roads of the city connects to other major towns in the island such as Pasarwajo and Ereke. Baubau also has a ringroad under construction which is expected to be finished by late 2024. The city's public transport, as in with most Indonesian cities, relies mostly on angkots with routes regulated by local government. In addition to that, ride-hailing service such as Gojek is available while autorickshaw are also common. In recent years, the presence of ride-hailing service has made angkot owners out of business after being outcompeted thus reducing the amount of angkot operational within the city.

Being located on an island, water transport is an integral part of city's transportation system to other islands or mainland Sulawesi. This is mostly served by Pelni and Sea Toll Program. There was a plan to connect Buton Island to Muna Island using a bridge from Baubau. However, this plan was put on hold indefinitely in 2023. The city is served by Betoambari Airport with regular flights to Makassar, Wakatobi Regency, and Kendari.