User:OJORO

Am quite happy to learn that i now have a personal page on wakipadia.I am an academician and a practisioner in clinical psychiatry. I want to begin getting medical articles, journals,research stuies and findings from professional personels and institutes/colleges.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This page is part of the Manual of Style, and is considered a guideline for Wikipedia. The consensus of many editors formed the conventions described here, and Wikipedia articles should heed these guidelines. Before making any major changes to these guidelines, please use the discussion page to ensure that your changes reflect consensus. Shortcut: WP:GTL WP:LAYOUT Guidance on style Manual of Style Supplementary manuals Abbreviations Biographies Capital letters Command-line examples Dashes Dates and numbers Headings Legal Links Lists of works Mathematics Music Pronunciation Spelling Text formatting Titles Trademarks Writing about fiction

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The Wikipedia Guide to Layout is an annotated, working example of some of the basics of laying out an article. It is a summary of what some articles look like. For more complicated articles, you may wish to copy the markup of an existing article that appears to have an appropriate structure.

This guide is not about how to use wiki markup (see Help:Editing for that); nor is it about style (see Wikipedia:Manual of Style for that).

Contents [hide] 1 Lead section 1.1 First paragraph 1.2 Disambiguation templates 2 Links 3 Body sections 3.1 Headers and paragraphs 3.2 If a section is a summary of another article 3.3 "See also" for one section 4 Images 5 Templates 6 Horizontal dividing line 7 Standard appendices and descriptions 7.1 Quotations 7.2 See also 7.3 Notes 7.4 References 7.5 Further reading 7.6 External links 8 See also 9 Notes

[edit] Lead section Main article: Wikipedia:Lead section See also: Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles#Lead section Unless an article is very short, it should start with a lead section consisting of one or more introductory paragraphs. The lead is shown above the table of contents (for pages with more than three headings). The appropriate lead length depends on the length of the article, but should be no longer than four paragraphs. The lead should not be explicitly entitled == Introduction == or any equivalent header.

The subject of the article should be mentioned in bold text (subject) at a natural place, preferably in the first sentence. If the article is about a work of art, literature or an album, note that the first mention of the subject should be both bold and italic (subject).

Normally, the first paragraph summarizes the most important points of the article. It should clearly explain the subject so that the reader is prepared for the greater level of detail and the qualifications and nuances that follow. If further introductory material is needed before the first section, this can be covered in subsequent paragraphs. Introductions to biographical articles commonly double as summaries, listing the best-known achievements of the subject. Keep in mind that for many users this is all they will read, so the most important information should be included. Avoid links in the summary--users should be encouraged to read the summary, and the article, before jumping elsewhere. In addition the colored highlighting of the links may mislead some users into thinking these are especially important points.

[edit] First paragraph The title or subject should almost always be part of the first sentence or elsewhere in the first paragraph.

The Pythagorean theorem is named after and attributed to the 6th century BC Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras The Pythagorean theorem is named after and attributed to the 6th century BC Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras Tom and Jerry — Pairing of names from Pierce Egan's Life in London Tom and Jerry &mdash; Pairing of names from Pierce Egan's Life in London If the subject of the article has more than one name, each new form of the name should be in bold on its first appearance.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye.... If an article's title has a parenthetical disambiguator, it should not be included in the bold text.

Egg (food) should start with "An egg is an ovum produced by...", not "An egg (food) is an ovum produced by...". Make the context clear in the first few words.

In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle... In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle... Avoid links in the bold title words, and avoid circular definitions. However, most words describing titles should be linked to more detail.

Buddhist meditation, meditation used in the practice of Buddhism, "includes any method of meditation that has Enlightenment as its ultimate aim." (Kamalashila 1996) Buddhist meditation, meditation used in the practice of Buddhism, "includes any method of meditation that has Enlightenment as its ultimate aim." (Kamalashila 1996)

[edit] Disambiguation templates Main article: Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Disambiguation links A "for topics of the same name..." line is sometimes put at the beginning, to link to an article about another meaning of the word, or in the case of a link that many readers are likely to follow instead of reading the article. Do not make this initial link a section. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using templates. A horizontal line should not be placed under this line. See also Wikipedia:Hatnote

[edit] Links Adding square brackets (...) around a word or phrase is an important part of Wikifying articles. This links significant words to a corresponding article that contains information that will help the reader to understand the original article. For example, an article might mention 'pancakes' without explaining what they are, although a brief phrase explaining the term might be more appropriate in many instances. An article about laser beams might provide helpful background material when mentioned in passing. It is important to follow the links that you have added and check that they lead to the right page. For advice about what to link and what not to link, see Wikipedia:Make only links relevant to the context, Wikipedia:Manual of Style (links)#Internal links and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Date formatting. Useful links that are not mentioned in the prose paragraphs can be added to the "see also" section.

[edit] Body sections

[edit] Headers and paragraphs The number of single-sentence paragraphs should be minimized, since these can inhibit the flow of the text. By the same token, paragraphs become hard to read once they exceed a certain length.

Headings help to make an article clearer, and populate the table of contents, which users can choose under 'Preferences' to view (the default) or not to view; see Wikipedia:Section and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings). Headings are hierarchical, so you should start with ==Header== and follow it with ===Subheader===, ====Subsubheader====, and so forth. The 'second-level' ==Header== is overly large in some browsers, but that can be fixed for individual viewers with a style sheet more easily than a non-hierarchical article structure can be fixed (see help:User style).

Articles generally comprise prose paragraphs, not bullet points; however, sometimes a bulleted list can break up what would otherwise be an overly large, grey mass of text, particularly if the topic requires significant effort on the part of readers. Bulleted lists should not be overused in the main text, but are typical in the reference and reading sections at the bottom. Just as for paragraphs, any sections and subsections that are very short will make the article look cluttered and inhibit the flow. Short paragraphs and single sentences generally do not warrant their own subheading, and in these circumstances, it may be preferable to use bullet points. See also Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles#Paragraphs

Between paragraphs and between sections, there should be only a single blank line. Multiple blank lines unnecessarily lengthen the article and can make it more difficult to read.

The degree to which subtopics should appear in a single article or be given their own pages is a matter of judgement and of controlling the total length of the article.

If the order in which sections should appear is not clear, use an alphabetical or chronological order. An alphabetical order is especially useful when sections are divided for countries, states, or other divisions.

[edit] If a section is a summary of another article See also: Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles#Layout When a section is a summary of another article, it should have a link before the text (but after the section heading):

which produces:

Main article: Circumcision and law

[edit] "See also" for one section If the "See also" refers to a particular section, references to related articles that have not been linked from free links in the text may be placed before the text (but after the section heading):

which produces:

See also: troll and flame Note: In short articles without sections, this is equivalent to the top note (above).

Rather than scattering such additional references thoughout the text of a section, they should be grouped together at the beginning of the section for easy selection by the reader:

deprecated

[edit] Images Wikimedia Commons is the free media repository of Wikimedia and WikipediaSee also: Wikipedia:Images and Wikipedia:Picture tutorial You should always be watchful not to overwhelm an article with images by adding more just because you can. If better or more appropriate images already exist, they should probably be left in place.

Images should ideally be spread evenly within the article, and relevant to the sections they are located in. All images should also have an explicative caption. An image should not overwhelm the screen; 300px may be considered a limit, as this is approximately half Wikipedia's text space's width on a 800x600 screen. It is a good idea to try and maintain visual coherence by aligning the width of images and templates on a given page.

Some users prefer images to be all located on the right side of the screen (aligned with boxes), while others prefer them to be evenly alternated between left and right. Both options are valid, although in both cases care must be taken for the images not to clash with nearby contents.

In general, it is considered poor layout practice to place images at the same height on both the left and right side of the screen. Not only does this unnecessarily squeeze text, but this might also cause images to overlap text due to interferences. It is usually not a good idea to place an image intended to illustrate a given section above the header for that section. Placing an image to the left of a header, a list, or the Table of Contents is also frowned upon.

When placing images, be careful not to stack too many of them within the lead, or within a single section to avoid bunching up several section edit links in some browsers. Generally, if there are so many images in a section that they strip down into the next section at 1024x768 screen resolution, that probably means either that the section is too short, or that there are too many images.

If an article has many images, so many, in fact, that they lengthen the page beyond the length of the text itself (this also applies if a template like taxobox or is already stretching the page.), you can try to use a gallery, but the ideal solution might be to create a page or category combining all of them at Wikimedia Commons and use a relevant template (,,  or ) and link to it instead, so that further images are readily found and available when the article is expanded.

[edit] Templates You can use the template messages.

[edit] Horizontal dividing line A horizontal dividing line has a conventional use, as a demarcation of division to isolate sections that logically could stand on their own as main sections with a disambiguating category in parentheses: Orion (mythology) and Orion (constellation). Horizontal dividing lines set apart the distinct meanings of a term.

When such sections contain only a few sentences in a single paragraph, this is a good way for readers to find your information. But if your article on a secondary meaning contains more than one paragraph, it may become confusing to the eye.

Note that these lines are not taken into account in the section numbering and TOC. As a result, the explanation of the second meaning of the word is treated as part of the previous section of the text written for the first meaning. To avoid this, use appropriate headers in addition to dividing lines.

In Wikipedia markup, a horizontal line is defined by a line of four dashes ('').

[edit] Standard appendices and descriptions Certain optional standard sections should be added at the bottom of an article. There is currently no consensus on the singular or plural form of the section name should be used, although plural is more common (changing section names breaks links (hence the utility of permalinks), so it is best not to change already-established article section names). Common appendix sections:

Quotations (deprecated) See also Notes References (or combined with "Notes" into Notes and references) Further reading (or Bibliography) External links Note:

It is okay to change the sequence of these appendices, but the Notes and References sections should be next to each other. For example, you may put "Further reading" above "Notes and references" or vice versa. "Notes" is only for footnotes (explanations or comments on any part of the main text). "References" is only for referenced materials (books, websites etc. cited in the main text). Otherwise "Notes and references" should be combined. All succession boxes and navigational footers should go at the very end of the article, following the last appendix section, but preceding the "categories and interwiki links".

[edit] Quotations Note: This header is largely deprecated. Under this header, list any memorable quotations that are appropriate to the subject.

"Misquotations are the only quotations that are never misquoted." — Hesketh Pearson, Common Misquotations (1934) Usually, the most relevant quotes can be placed directly into the article text in order to illustrate the topic, and only a few quotes should ever be part of such a section. Longer lists of quotes are generally moved to Wikiquote and the Quotations section as a whole is replaced with a badge, usually placed at the top of the "External links" section.

[edit] See also The "See also" section provides an additional list of internal links to other articles in the Wikipedia that are related to this one as a navigational aid, and it should ideally not repeat links already present in the article. Mostly, topics related to an article should be included within the text of the article as free links.

Links are presented in a bulleted list. A less common practice is to name the section "Related topics". "See also" is the most appropriate place to link a Portal with.

It should be a heading of level 2 so that it appears in the table of contents. For example: