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= Bombus crotchii (Crotch's Bumblebee) = Crotch's bumblebee is a species of bumblebee named after the entomologist George Robert Crotch [2]. Bumblebees serve as pollinators, meaning they naturally benefit human agricultural endeavors [9]. In fact, up to one third of the bites of food we take is dependent on the activity of pollinators, like Crotch's bumblebee [9]. They also provide an important ecosystem service by pollinating wild plants in addition to crops [9], although at this time there is no known purposeful exploitation of Crotch's bumblebee by humans [1]. However, Crotch's bumblebee is experiencing threats to its continued survival, such as pesticides, climate change, and human development in the form of agricultural fields and urbanization [1]. Despite these looming hazards, this species has no formal protections [12]. Wildlife organizations are working to reverse this situation by advocating for the addition of this species of bumblebee to the California Endangered Species Act [7].

Habitat and Diet
This species lives primarily in California in the United States; inhabited regions of the state include the mediterranean region, pacific coast, western desert, great valley, SW foothills[1]. Crotch's bumblebee is extant but uncommon in Baja California, Mexico [1]. It was first reported in Nevada in 2003 in Clark County. Researches found the bumblebee in the Spring Mountain range in South Nevada during surveys for pollinator ecology report [4]. However, most observations of this species occur in Southern California in coastal areas [3]. The overwintering habitat of this bumblebee is not known, but it is believed that they have similar behaviors to other bumblebees in this respect, overwintering under leaf litter or soft soil [12].

Crotch's bumblebee inhabits grassland and scrub areas. This species of bumblebee requires a hotter and drier environment than other bumblebee species, and can only tolerate a very narrow range of climatic conditions [3]. Crotch's bumblebee nests underground, often in abandoned rodent dens [1]. It is a nonmigratory species of bumblebee [3]. Its food plants include milkweeds, dustymaidens, lupines, medics, phacelias, and sages [1]. It also feeds on snapdragons, clarkia plants, poppys, and wild buckwheats [6]. Milkweed is a favorite food of Crotch's bumblebee [8]. Due to the role of bumblebees as pollinators, monarch butterflies benefit from this situation [8]. Due to the wide range of foods exploited by Crotch's bumblebee, it is characterized as a dietary generalist [3,12].

Physical description
Crotch's bumblebee is characterized as a short- or medium- tongue length species [1.6]. This species could be confused with Bombus caliginosus, Bombus occidentalis, and Bombus vandykei, as they have similar appearances to Crotch's bumblebee [6]. B. crotchii males are generally active from April to September with their peak of activity occurring in June [6]. Workers of this species are active from April to August and queen bees are active for only two months from March until May; the peak of worker activity is between May and June, while queens reach maximum activity in April [6]. Bees of this species all have a square-shaped face and a rounded ankle on the mid leg [6]. Bumblebee abdomen segments are numbered T1-T6.

Queens and workers (females) have a black head and face, and display black color on their mid and bottom thorax and between their wing bases [6]. T1 is all black or black in the middle portion [6]. T2 is usually yellow, and sometimes black medially [6]. T3-5 are black or orange and T6 displays black coloring [6]. Queens and workers have a similar appearance, with the main difference being their lengths [11]. Queens are 23-24mm long and workers are 14-18mm long [11].

Drones (males) have a slightly different appearance from queens and workers. They display yellow hair on their faces, and a black stripe mid thorax [6]. The front of the drone abdomen should have a yellow coloring, and the rest of their abdomen is expected to be predominantly black and red [6]. Male abdomens are shorter compared to female and queen abdomens [6].

Conservation
Crotch's bumblebee is an endangered species that was last evaluated by IUCN in April 2014 [1]. In 2019, the species' global status was listed as imperiled [3]. The rationale provided was as follows: "This species has a modest range extent and within that, it is restricted to a very limited climatic range. Observations since 2008 indicate a retraction from the northern portion of its range. Relative abundance has also declined" [3]. Its current range area is estimated at 144,003 km2 [3]. This bumblebee was once common in the Central Valley of California, but is now scarce in that area [1]. The Xerces Society (2019) reports a relative abundance decline of 98% over the last decade; the group has also estimated an 80% decline in the relative persistence of the bumblebee in its range during this time [5]. Regions within the Crotch's bumblebee range have experienced urbanization and intensive agriculture, events that are thought to have contributed to the decline of the species [1]. Another prominent issue for this bumblebee species is that of climate change; as stated above, this species is a major climatic specialist compared to other bumblebees, so climate change and increasing aridity are significant threats to Crotch's bumblebee [1]. Additionally, insecticides are problematic for the health of B. crotchii, especially neonicotinoids, which are very commonly applied [8]. Moreover, the toxicity to bumblebees from these types of pesticides lasts for several months, meaning the negative impacts can be observed over the long-term [8]. Inbreeding is probably also becoming problematic, especially as B. crotchii populations continue to decline [12].

A petition was submitted by the Xerces society, Defenders of Wildlife, and the Center for Food Safety to the California Fish and Game Commission in October of 2018 to list Crotch's bumblebee and three others as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act [12,13]. The petition provides probably the most up to date figures on the status of Crotch's bumblebee: "Current range size relative to historic range (EOO): 74.67% (25.33% decline), persistence in current range relative to historic occupancy: 20.48% (79.52% decline), current relative abundance compared to historic relative abundance: 2.32% (97.68% decline), average decline: 67.51%" [12].

The California Department of Fish and Wildlife evaluated this petition in a report for The California Fish and Game Commission completed in April 2019 [13]. In regard to Crotch's bumblebee, the report states that: "In completing its Petition Evaluation, the Department has determined the Petition provides sufficient scientific information to indicate the petitioned action may be warranted. Therefore, the Department recommends the Commission accept the Petition for further consideration under CESA" [13].

On June 12, 2019 the California Fish and Game Commission voted on the petition to add the four bumblebees, including Crotch's bumblebee, the the list of protected species under the California Endangered Species Act [7]. No insect has ever been protected under this act because this group was not explicitly designated as a beneficiary of the legislation [7]. However, a fish is defined by CESA as, "a wild fish, mollusk, crustacean, invertebrate, amphibian, or part, spawn, or ovum of any of those animals" [7]. Thus, it was determined that the intent was for insects to be qualified for protection under the fish definition [7]. This is an important step because there are no formal protections in place for Crotch's bumblebee species despite its well-characterized decline [12].