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It is estimated that about two-third of the world's population may suffer from fresh water shortage by 2025. Although, the earth is made up of 70 percent water, only 3 percent of this water is actually fresh water, which is suitable for consumption. In 2019, the World Health Organization and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund recoded that approximately 2.2 billion people do no have access to sanitized water sources.

Water and Urbanisation Challenge in Africa

Globally, about 55 percent of the world's population live in urban areas, and by 2030, there might be a 5 percent increase in this ratio. This is the same experience in Africa. Big cities like Lagos, Kinshasa and Nairobi have doubled their population within a fifteen years period. Although people are migrating into these urban cities, the availability of fresh water has stayed the same, or in some cases reduced, since water is a finite substance.The rising population in African cities creates a link to the imbalance between the supply of water and the demands in those cities.

Aside urbanisation contributing to the imbalance between the demand and supply of water, urbanisation also causes an increase in water pollution. As a result of more people moving into cities, there is increased deposit of sewage and waste into water bodies. In developing countries, over 90 percent of the sewage generated are disposed into water bodies and left untreated. Also, sewage system are inefficiently run, such that leaks from sewage pipes are left unattended to, which eventually leak into the soil and causes further pollution of underground water.