User:Oberiko/Theseus

Theseus
Germany and the second World War
 * Theseus - Push to the Suez
 * "Operation Herculese to remain in abeyance until the termination of Thesues" - German Naval War Staff, July 21
 * "Care had nevertheless been taken to plan 'a further sweep' south and east around Bir al Hakim, this move to be signaled-as it actually was-by means of the radio code-word 'Venezia'" (pg. 670)

Kesselring: The Making of the Luftwaffe
 * "...tale of Operation 'Hercules', as the invasion was called, is one of vacillation from start to finish. Admiral Raeder, head of the Kriegsmarin, felt the need to support Kesselring in order to keep 'Hercules' on course, with Suez as the principal but final objective if all went well.  Kesselring worked hard to..." (pg. 115)
 * "...Hitler's psychological yearning for cheap victories at a time when expensive defeats were evident in Russia. Airborne forces had been costly, too, as those under Student, who was preparing to spearhead 'Hercules', had learnt at Crete.  Rommel's genius, exaggerated by Josef Gobbels' propaganda..." (pg. 117)
 * "So Operation Theseus, the attack on Tobruk, which had been made possible all the sooner by the efforts of Kesselring's Luftflotte II, was to take place first and had to be completed by 18 June, followed on 18 July by 'Hercules'. The would come a ..." (pg. 117)
 * "Westphal's assessment of Kesselring's attributes were entirely upheld throughout Operation 'Theseus'. Rommel's initial attack ran into such serious difficulties against the British General Ritchie's Eighth Army that..." (pg. 118)
 * "...would probably have sufficed. Be that as it may, the port, profusely stocked, fell into German hands within 24 hours.  'Theseus' was triumphantly completed on the 21st and Kesselring could warmly congratulate Rommel, now a generalfeldmarschall himself on the strength of it, and with..." (pg. 119)

Rommel: Battles and Campaigns
 * "On 1 May, in a meeting at Berchtesgaden with Hitler and Mussolini, Kesselring won approval for Rommel to attack Tobruk in May (Operation 'Theseus'), as a preliminary to the assault upon Malta in July (Operation 'Hercules')." (pg. 97)
 * "On the day Tobruk fell, the minds of Axis commanders in the Mediterranean turned to divergent plans. Kesselring, of course, was delighted that Rommel had completed Operation 'Theseus' to time and in such an exemplary manner.  The crisis of a battle so nearly lost were forgotten when he came to Rommel on 22 June to offer his congratulations and, a few days later, sealed Hitler's promotion of Rommel to Field Marshal by presenting him with his new badges of rank.  'Hercules', he believed, must come next: but Kesselring, just for once, was badly out of touch." (pg. 116)
 * "...farther astray. Rommel, fattened by supplies, was engrossed in a plan to overturn the 'Theseus Hercules' pact and, grasping for personal aggrandizement, by pursuit of the British to Sidi Barrani with an impulse to go all the way to the Nile." (pg. 119)

War from the Top: German and British Military Decision Making During World War II
 * "But on April 29-30, at a meeting between Hitler and Mussolini, the two leaders, over the objections of the Italian Supreme Command, decided to attack in Libya (Operation Theseus). Once German troops had overrun Cyrenaica, and Tobruk in particular, and had reached the Egyptian border, Rommel's and the Italian divisions were to stand on the defensive.  Air units were then to be shifted to help in assault on Malta (Operation Hercules), presumably to take place by mid-July or early August as the latest.  Yet, by May 20, less then a week before the Gazala offensive was to begin, the Fuhrer voiced his skepticism about a Malta operation.  Instead, Malta was to be retained only as a paper (geistig) operation and Axis forces were to concentrate on northeastern Africa, with the Suez Canal as the goal." (pg. 88)
 * "Following the meeting, Rommel and his staff proceeded to draw up detailed plans. Although the Germans codenamed the operation Theseus and Italians called it Venezia, even at the time, the offensive was usually referred to simply as the Gazala campaign." (pg. 188)

Aida
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
 * "...dressed up as a drive through the Middle East to join the Japanese in a vast encirclement of Britain's Asian Empire. Hitler agreed to a two-fold operation for the summer of 1942-Operation Hercules for the capture of Malta (the key to the security of Rommel's supply route) and Operation Aida, the renewal of the desert offensive against Egypt, Suez and beyond to Persia.  These two operations were to serve as the prelude to the 'Great Plan,' and they were among the subjects Hitler discussed with Mussolini at Salzburg in April." (pg. 622)

The Reader's Companion to Military History
 * "Aida refers to General Erwin Rommel's drive to the Nile, his masterpiece. On May 26, 1942, Rommel set out from Sfax, Tunisia, for Alexandria, Egypt, with his Afrika Korps and the Italian Tank Division Ariete.  In a textbook operation ("Theseus") feature the coordination of air, armor and infantry, Rommel drove 380 miles through Cyrenaica in fifteen days and stormed Tobuk on June 21.  The 'Gazala gallop' cost the British Eighth Army seventy-five thousand men and one hundred tanks.  Winston S. Churchill termed it as a 'hideous and totally unexpected shock.'
 * "On June 25, Rommel received permission to continue the 'drive to the Suez.' The Afrika Korps advanced into Egypt in captured British clothing, driving British vehicles and eating British rations.  But Rommel never reached Suez.  Aided by three hundred Sherman tanks, one hundred self-propelled 105-mm howitzers, and six air groups from  America, the Eight Army halted Rommel and defeated him at El Alamein in November 1942" (pg. 341)

Stories of Karol: The Unknown Life of John Paul II
 * "In Africa, the Germans had recouped their losses in the desert. Rommel's men had retaken Tobruk from the British.  By the end of June, they had reached El Alamein, ready now to plunge toward the Nile Delta and conquer Egypt.  Some crazy music-loving strategist had baptized it 'Operation Aida.'" (pg. 61)

Rommels North Africa Campaign PB: September 1940 - November 1942
 * "It is in this strategic context that the new Axis offensive was planned. At the end of April Mussolini and Hitler met at Klessheim, a castle near Salzburg, where an agreement was made for the schedule of operations.  The 'Big Plan' was: first Rommel's army had to attack and defeat the Commonwealth forces deployed at Gazala while the Regia Aeronautica and the Luftwaffe launched a massive air offensive against Malta.  Then before the continuation of the desert operation, Operation Herkules/C3 (the invasion of Malta) would be accomplished, and the thrust against the Suez-the so called Operation Aida-would be launched with the support of all available aircraft.  This air force availability was the fundamental problem.  But Hitler had already decided to consider the Malta operation on an exercise study when he met his Italian allies on 29/30 April.  Hitler was afraid to carry out the operation as he doubted the Italians would give proper support, primarily naval, to German paratroops once committed to the attack." (pg. 146)

Venezia
War from the Top: German and British Military Decision Making During World War II
 * "Following the meeting, Rommel and his staff proceeded to draw up detailed plans. Although the Germans codenamed the operation Theseus and Italians called it Venezia, even at the time, the offensive was usually referred to simply as the Gazala campaign." (pg. 188)

Germany and the second World War
 * "...the offensive itself, 26 May, the men of the Eighth Army were warned that the enemy might attack the coming night. An order with the code-word 'Venezia' was picked up the same day and taken to be the signal for the offensive [The code-word 'Venezia' was anything but 'correctly construed as the signal for the offensive, as Hinsely asserts on p. 366.  'Venezia' was not the starting signal but the subequent cue to the encircling force to continue its outflanking movement to the south.  This misconception is widespread in the relevant British literature]" (pg. 667)
 * "No great importance was at first attached to Bir al Hakim: the Army order stated that the Afrikakorps was to 'attack and defeat' the enemy based there in the course of its advance; the Corps Order differen in stipulating that on the morning of X + 1 (27 May) 21st Armoured Division's 'first task' would be to capture Bir al Hakim quickly while 15th Armoured Division advancing on its right must ignore the place and push on 'steadily northwards' into the area south-west of Akramah. Care had nevertheless been taken to plan a 'further sweep' south and east around Bir al Hakim, the move to be signalled-as it actually was-by means of the radio-code word 'Venezia'.  Bir al Hakim was thereby assigned to the Ariete (armoured) Division.  The Corps Order to the two divisions comprising the Afrikakorps defined their basis of action as 'by means of mutual co-operation and concerted action to destroy all the enemy to their front before they succeed in concentrating their forces'" (pg. 670)
 * "The German and Italian formations that comprised the encircling force assembled according to plan. Between 13:00 and 16:00 on the afternoon of 26 May, have refueled and replenished, the set off for Assembly Area A, north-west of the Gazalah Line, which their orders instructed them to reach by 19:00 (Afrikakorps, XX Corps) and 18:00 (90th Light Division).  The armored units, too, had to maintain complete radio silence as soon as they got under way.  Rommel transferred his advanced command post to the airfield 9 kilometers north-westof Segnali, his combat group being incorporated in the extreme right wing of the Afrikakorps as it advanced in a compact body.  Late that afternoon, when reconnaissance had 'again confirmed... the presence of strongish armoured formations in the area north-east of Bir al Hakim', Rommel activated Venezia, the contingency plan that dictated a wider outflanking movement to the south and east, because he thought this was the only way of encircling these enemy forces too.  At 21:00, after refueling once more, the whole encircling force, a vast army comprising 10,000 vehicles, set off on a night march to the south-east, its destination being Area B south of Bir al Hakim." (pg. 674)

The Rommel Papers
 * "At 20:30 hours I ordered 'Operation Venezia', and the 10,000 vehicles of the striking force began to move. My staff and I, in our place in the Afrika Korps's column, drove through the moonlit night towards the great armoured battle.  Occasional flares lit up the sky far in the distance-probably the Lufwaffe trying to locate Bir Hacheim.  I was tense and keyed-up, impatiently awaiting the coming day.  What would the enemy do?  What had he already done?  These questions pounded my brain, and only morning would bring the answers.  Our formations rolled forward without a halt.  The drivers often had difficulty in maintaining contact with the vehicle ahead." (pg. 206)

Panzer Aces II: Battle Stories of German Tank Commanders of WWII
 * "On 26 May the waiting ended for Hauptmann Kummel and his tank crews. Rommel's plan was simply and brilliant.  The two Italian infantry corps were to attack the Gazala position frontally, reinforced by the 361st Africa Regiment of the 90th Light Division led by General Cruwell.  While these units were keeping the British busy, Rommel intended to carry out a great swing through the desert with the Africa Corps and the Italian XX Motorized Army Corps, go around the souther basion of the line and then drive north into the rear of the position.  This southernmost bastion was Bir Haceim, which was defended by the French
 * "Punctually at 2 P.M., the Brescia, Pavia and Trento Divisions launched a frontal assault together with the German 361st Regiment.
 * "'Make dust Make a lot of dust!' Rommel had ordered. The siege artillery opened fire.
 * "At approximately 8:30 in the evening the tank crews of the 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions, as well as the Ariete Armoured Division and the motorized elements of the 90th Light Division, received the code word 'Venezia'.
 * "The tank commanders raised their arms, the attack began. Also part of the attack force was the 8th Panzer Regiment under Oberstleutnant Theege.  Ten thousand vehicles headed south into the desert, following a compass heading.  The moon provided sufficient light and the drivers could tell from their odometers how much farther they had to go.

Buckshot
Rommels North Africa Campaign PB: September 1940 - November 1942
 * "Auchinleck feared that an operation launched too early could fail like Brevity and Battleaxe the previous year. Thus he agreed with General Ritchie, the commander of the 8th Army, that no major offensive operations could be launched before June.  Buckshot was the nickname of the offensive operation, but as it became clear that Rommel was about to attack, Ritchie prepared for the defensive." (pg. 147)

The History of Fourth Armoured Brigade
 * "We continued training, concentrating particularly on gunnery and artillery support. Plans were afoot for an offensive, an operation to be called Buckshot designed to recapture Benghazi; but it soon became clear that Rommel was intending to attack shortly too, and it was decided to let him run his head into the trap." (chap. 2)