User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Milwaukee bibliography

Milwaukee, Wisconsin: a selected bibliography

1840s Large numbers of German immigrants settled in Milwaukee. After 1840, many Germans left Europe to come to American cities, where "Germania"—German-speaking districts—soon emerged.

By 1900 German Americans represented 40% of Milwaukee's population - which was also the case in Cleveland, and Cincinnati.

1905 - 1935 According to "cultural anthropologist Ivory Abena Black, author of Bronzeville: A Milwaukee Lifestyle, a large migration of African Americans into Milwaukee took place between 1905 and 1935."

In 1910, there were only about 980 African-Americans in Milwaukee.

1920s? "Black contends that by the late-1920s to early-1930s, Milwaukee’s black population had settled in a square-mile area generally bordered by Brown Street on the north, Juneau Avenue on the south, Third Street on the east and 12th Street on the west. The neighborhood was coined Bronzeville, a generic term given to an area of a city inhabited by African Americans." Bronzeville was an African-American neighborhood that historically was situated between what is now the Harambee neighborhood and the North Division neighborhood. Specifically, Bronzeville was bordered by North Avenue to the north, 3rd Street to the east, State Street to the south and 12th Street to the west. Bronzeville was situated "along Walnut Street between King Drive and 12th Street." By the 1930s, the number of African American-owned businesses in this area exceeded all other areas of the city - with the highest concentration between 6th and 9th Streets.

1910 - 1930 "Great Migration (African American) brought some six million African Americans from the South between 1910 and 1930 and in a second wave around World War II transformed just about every major city in the North—except Milwaukee. Few migrants made it past the great sponge of Chicago, in part because there wasn’t a plentiful supply of jobs to entice them: Milwaukee’s labor market was then amply filled by European immigrants and workers from the declining timber and mining industries up north."

1924 Republican Robert M. La Follette Sr. (1855 – 1925) - who was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wisconsin'from 1885 to 1891 where he was known for championing Native and African-American rights and Governor of Wisconsin from 1901 to 1906 - ran for President in Wisconsin for the Progressive Party on a platform of "pacifism and trustbusting." Despite the unpopularity of his views at the time, however, Congressman La Follette successfully championed the rights of minorities against prejudice. La Follette has been called "arguably the most important and recognized leader of the opposition to the growing dominance of corporations over the Government" and is one of the key figures pointed to in Wisconsin's long history of political liberalism.

Milwaukee was founded by mostly German immigrants. Surrounded by staunchly Republican suburbs, Milwaukee was the cradle of the American socialist movement. Founded by mostly German immigrants, this was sometimes referred to as “sewer socialism” because of its proponents’ habit of boasting about the city’s excellent sewer system and their fixation with cleaning up political life. In the early 20th century, socialists competed in the city with progressives.

late 1920s and early 1930s there was a vibrant black community in the city. Although there was discrimination from the larger white community, tension between the races was minimal.

1930s "The number of African American-owned businesses in [Bronzeville] "exceeded all other areas of the city - with the highest concentration between 6th and 9th Streets."

Today there is a rebuilding and rebranding of the commercial area of nearby North Avenue and Martin Luther King Jr. Drive into "Bronzeville", including many new businesses and the Black Holocaust Museum(CLOSED).

The name "Bronzeville" is not Milwaukee-specific, but rather a term used throughout the United States and applied to an historic area of a city populated primarily by blacks.

By 1945, the black population had grown to 13,000.

January 1949 Under President Harry S. Truman’s Fair Deal reforms, one of the major provisions of the Housing Act of 1949 provided federal financing for slum clearance programs associated with urban renewal projects in American cities (Title I).

1950s James Cameron, his wife and five children found work in Milwaukee where he continued his work in civil rights by assisting in protests to end segregated housing in the city.

1900-1950

1960 Frank Zeidler stepped down as "Milwaukee’s three-term Socialist mayor."

1960s Under Mayor Frank Zeidler, "the city of Milwaukee developed plans to rid Milwaukee of what it deemed squalid. Many of these homes and buildings were located on Lower Walnut Street and within Bronzeville." "By 1960, life for the majority of Milwaukee’s African- American population was bleak. The civil rights movement was slow to get started in the city. A sit-in at the Milwaukee County Courthouse was followed by an occupation of the mayor’s office in1963. Later that year, a movement began to desegregate Milwaukee’s public schools. It came up against continuous resistance by school officials. A Catholic priest, Father James Groppi, became involved with the struggle in 1965. He also took a firm stand against housing discrimination for blacks." ...Urban renewal projects during Mayor Frank Zeidler’s administration - Mayor from 1948 -. "Thousands of people, especially in the black community, lost their homes as whole blocks were cleared to make room for new housing projects, high rises and freeways."

By the late 1960s, Milwaukee's population had started to decline due to white flight

Late 1960’s a portion of Bronzeville - Walnut Street - was demolished to make room for a freeway. "Much of this former district was centered along Walnut Street (essentially halfway between State Street and North Avenue) until it was razed to make room for the Interstate 43 and other arterial road expansions due to the fact that property prices were low and the government needed to buy the land it was going to build a freeway on. After that the community was displaced." "Later, federal funding was also obtained to complete the highway system that had started under Mayor Daniel Hoan. Black writes that the construction of the North-South Freeway, I-43, required the elimination of 8,000 homes in the Bronzeville area."

January 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. visited Milwaukee as the city's "civil rights movement was garnering national attention."

On June 4, 1965, A Catholic priest and leading civil rights activist at the time - James E. Groppi - was arrested for civil disobedience during a human "chain-in" at Siefert School to protest school segregation.

1967 – 1969 Edwin T. Purtell

1967 "When racial rioting broke out on the night of July 30, 1967, Mr. Maier put the city under a curfew, declared a state of emergency and asked for help from the National Guard. His quick actions were credited with stifling the disturbance in its early stages." Father Groppi warned the City Council five days before the 1967 Milwaukee riot started, according to The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Critics claimed Mayor Henry Maier ducked "some of the toughest issues, including fair housing, school integration and cooperation with other governments." Groppi organized a protest with 300 people outside his home. 1988 James Cameron -  lynching survivor - founded the America's Black Holocaust Museum which told African-American history from slavery to 1998. The museum closed temporarily in July 2008 as a result of financial difficulties; no formal re-opening date had been set. The museum reopened in 2012 as a virtual museum.

1983 – 1995 Richard E. Artison was Sheriff.

1990 "The prison population in Wisconsin has more than tripled since 1990, fueled by increased government funding for drug enforcement (rather than treatment) and prison construction, three-strike rules, mandatory minimum sentence laws, truth-in-sentencing replacing judicial discretion in setting punishments, concentrated policing in minority communities, and state incarceration for minor probation and supervision violations."

1995 – 1997 Robert B. Kliesmet was Sheriff.

1997 Leverett F. Baldwin was Sheriff until 2002.

1999 In 1999 Cameron was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.

2002 David A. Clarke Jr. was appointed by Governor Scott McCallum on March 25 and elected as Sheriff of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin where he continues to serve in 2016.

2002The Milwaukee metropolitan area was cited as being the most segregated in the U.S. in a Jet Magazine article in 2002. The source of this information was a segregation index developed in the mid-1950s and used since 1964.

2003 In 2003, a non-peer reviewed study was conducted by hired researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee which claimed Milwaukee is not "hypersegregated" and instead ranks as the 43rd most integrated city in America.

2010 According to the 2010 Census, 44.8% of the population was White (37.0% non-Hispanic white), 40.0% was Black or African American, 0.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.5% Asian, 3.4% from two or more races. 17.3% of Milwaukee's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race) (11.7% Mexican, 4.1% Puerto Rican).

2010 "Particularly impacted were African American males, with the 2010 U.S. Census showing Wisconsin having the highest black male incarceration rate in the nation. In Milwaukee County over half of African American men in their 30s have served time in state prison....In April of 2010 when the U.S. Census Bureau conducted its decennial count of Wisconsin residents, it found 12.8% (or 1 in 8) of African American working age men behind bars in state prisons and local jails. This rate of mass incarceration is the highest for African American men in the country and nearly double the national average of 6.7% (or 1 in 15)....The report focuses on 26,222 African American males from Milwaukee County incarcerated in state correctional facilities from 1990 to 2012 (including a third with only nonviolent crimes) and another 27,874 men with DOT violations preventing them from legally driving (many for failures to pay fines and civil forfeitures)."

March 29, 2011, according to an article by Daniel Denvir at www.salon.org, John Paul Dewitt of censusscope.org and the University of Michigan's Social Science Data Analysis Network looks at census data and finds Milwaukee to be the most segregated urban area in the US.

June 30, 2013

2013

May 3, 2014 "Metropolitan Milwaukee is the most polarized part of a polarized state in a polarized nation. It combines in one political hothouse an unusual constellation of divisive forces: deep racial segregation; an intensely engaged and sometimes enraged electorate; and the Balkanizing effects of serving over the past decade and a half as one of the most fought-over pieces of political turf in America...Thanks to a quirk of twentieth-century history, the region encompasses a heavily Democratic and African American urban center, and suburbs that are far more uniformly white and Republican than those in any other Northern city, with a moat of resentment running between the two zones. "

2014 Milwaukee "encompasses a heavily Democratic and African American urban center, and suburbs that are far more uniformly white and Republican than those in any other Northern city, with a moat of resentment running between the two zones." Milwaukee, Gov. Scott Walker has a 91% approval rating among Republicans and a 10% approval among Democrats,

2015 In 2015 Milwaukee was rated as the "worst city for black Americans" based on disparities in employment and income levels. The city's black population experiences disproportionately high levels of incarceration and a severe educational achievement gap.

October 2015 laws fast-tracked by the Walker-led legislation, ending John Doe probes, killing the Gov't Accountability Board (non-partisan watchdog of political activities), shielding politicians from prosecution.

August 2016 A crowd protested in front of police-in-milwaukee after fatal shooting by police officer.

2016 Milwaukee riots

2016 Milwaukee's Sheriff, Clarke is a critic of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement describing the movement as a hate group. Clarke has blamed "liberal policies" for rioting and other issues in American cities. Clarke supports Republican Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign Clarke spoke at the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.

Milwaukee Category:1967 in Wisconsin Category:History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin Category:Riots and civil disorder in Wisconsin Category:1967 riots