User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Selected bibliography related to immigration laws in the United States

Selected bibliography related to immigration laws in the United States is mainly a compilation of sources from inter-related Wikipedia articles on the theme with a selection of more recent relevant sources. This is a shareable personal research tool used in the updating of these articles. As the content and sources are often based on edits by other editors working on specific articles where sources were not tagged as unreliable, this does not mean that the sources here would be considered to be reliable by Wikipedia standards. This sandbox article is not intended for publication. The first section is in reverse chronological order. Sections also include links to individual Wikipedia articles on major actors, individuals, institutions, legislation, and events, etc related to the theme.

Selected events in reverse chronological order

 * November 2013, the ACLU filed the first legal challenge to the September 5, 2012 Judge Bolton provision which allowed police to carry out the 2010 law's requirement that officers, while enforcing other laws, may question the immigration status of those they suspect are in the country illegally.


 * June 2012 U.S. Supreme Court case Arizona v. United States, upholding the provision requiring immigration status checks during law enforcement stops but striking down three other provisions as violations of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. Arizona state police were allowed to investigate the immigration status of an individual stopped, detained, or arrested if there is reasonable suspicion that individual is in the country illegally. But the state police may not detain the individual for a prolonged amount of time for not carrying immigration documents, and that cases based upon allegations of racial profiling are allowed to proceed through the courts, if such cases happen to arise later on.


 * 2010 Arizona SB 1070 (Arizona Senate Bill 1070) The "Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act" (introduced as Arizona Senate Bill 1070 signed into law by by Governor Jan Brewer on April 23, 2010. which at the time of passage was the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration measure in a long time. The Arizona act required that state law enforcement officers attempt to determine an individual's immigration status during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest", when there is reasonable suspicion that the individual is an illegal immigrant and strengthened the federal law requiring all aliens over the age of 14 who remain in the United States for longer than 30 days carry their documentation. The law barred state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of federal immigration laws, and imposed penalties on those sheltering, hiring and transporting unregistered aliens. with intent of "attrition through enforcement" doctrine.


 * Opposition It has received national and international attention and has spurred considerable controversy with some saying it encouraged racial profiling. The government of San Francisco, the Los Angeles City Council, and city officials in Oakland, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Denver, and Seattle all took specific action, usually by banning some of their employees from work-related travel to Arizona or by limiting city business done with companies headquartered in Arizona.   (One theory explaining the impetus behind the bill was that ALEC is largely funded by contributions of corporate members and among those members are several companies in the private prisons industry, such as the Corrections Corporation of America, Management and Training Corporation, and GEO Group, and that these companies stood to benefit by a large increase in the number of illegal immigrants being sent to jail.  Pearce later denied that he created the bill for any reason other than stopping illegal immigration and denied that he submitted the idea to ALEC for any reason other than helping it pass in Arizona and, potentially, in other states. )


 * Supporters
 * Kris Kobach Federation for American Immigration Reform


 * State Senator Russell Pearce
 * Center for Immigration Studies
 * Then-Governor of Arizona Jan Brewer
 * In reaction to the boycott talk, proponents of the law advocated making a special effort to buy products and services from Arizona in order to indicate support for the law.  These efforts, sometimes termed a "buycott", were spread by social media and talk radio as well as by elements of the Tea Party movement.   Some supporters of the law and legal scholars have also suggested that the city government boycotts of Arizona represent an unconstitutional violation of the Interstate Commerce Clause.


 * Joe Arpaio

Center for Immigration Studies
In 2009 Christian Science Monitor's Michael Farrell quoted Mark Krikorian from the "conservative" Center for Immigration Studies' as saying, "The longer the health-care debate drags out, not only does it make it harder to get health-care passed, it makes it harder to get immigration passed."

Joe Arpaio
Joe Arpaio, Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona – known for his tough crackdowns on illegal immigration within his own jurisdiction – approved of Arizona SB 1070. He hoped the measure would cause the federal action to seal the border. Arpaio said, "I think they'll be afraid that other states will follow this new law that's now been passed."

Kris Kobach
Kris Kobach Federation for American Immigration Reform

Kobach was "a staffer in George W. Bush’s Justice Department after 9/11, he led the effort to put together the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System, or NSEERS.

In November 2016, Kris Kobach was "photographed with a document of first-year proposals that included, under the rubric “Bar the Entry of Potential Terrorists,” a proposal to reintroduce the registry program."

Kris Kobach did much of the drafting of Arizona SB 1070, a professor at the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law and a figure long associated with the Federation for American Immigration Reform who had written immigration-related bills in many other parts of the country. State Senator Russell Pearce and Kobach had worked together on past legislative efforts regarding immigration, and Pearce contacted Kobach when he was ready to pursue the idea of the state enforcing federal immigration laws.

A December 2009 meeting of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) in Washington, D.C., resulted in that body drafting model legislation that embodied the ideas that Pearce presented.

Kobach has stated that the way the law has been written makes any form of racial profiling illegal. In particular, Kobach references the phrase in the law that directly states that officers "may not solely consider race, color, or national origin." Kobach also disagrees that the "reasonable suspicion" clause of the bill specifically allows for racial profiling, replying that the term "reasonable suspicion" has been used in other laws prior and therefore has "legal precedent".

The Federation for American Immigrant Reform takes credit for influencing governmental policies including immigration and civil rights and cites Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, Senate Bill 1070 as an example. This bill, primarily written with the help Kris Kobach, a professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School, and Kansas Secretary of State, is a controversial immigration law in Arizona. Kris Kobach is the leading expert on the constitutional law in the Immigration Reform Law Institute, which is the legal arm of the Federation for American Immigration Reform.

Russell Pearce
Arizona State Senator Russell Pearce was a lead sponsor of Arizona SB 1070, Pearce received assistance from the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) in drafting the text for the legislation. In December 2007, FAIR was identified as a "hate group" by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). In the early 1990s FAIR received funding from the Pioneer Fund, a eugenics society established in 1937 "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences" that the SPLC has described as a neo-Nazi organization.

Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR)
Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) helped drafting the Arizona SB 1070 text. In December 2007, FAIR was identified as a "hate group" by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). In the early 1990s FAIR received funding from the Pioneer Fund, a eugenics society established in 1937 "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences" that the SPLC has described as a neo-Nazi organization.

National Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS)
Kris Kobach was "a staffer in George W. Bush’s Justice Department after 9/11" and "he led the effort to put together the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System, or NSEERS." NSEERS,

"Under NSEERS, certain “foreign citizens and nationals” in the US had to come into immigration offices for fingerprinting, photos, and interviews — and then had to check in again at designated intervals. But this “special registration” system was selective. It only applied to people on non-immigrant visas (including tourism and work visas). It only applied to men over the age of 16. And it only applied to people from a list of countries the Bush administration considered “havens for terrorists.” There were 25 countries on the “special registration” list. Twenty-four were majority-Muslim countries. The 25th was North Korea. Over the next decade, more than 80,000 men were put into NSEERS “special registration” database — Muslims and non-Muslims from suspected countries alike. But to Muslim American and civil rights groups, the fact that the Bush administration was responding to 9/11 by ordering thousands of Muslim men to show up to register with the government was de facto discriminatory."

- VOX 2016