User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Selected bibliography related to net neutrality

Definitions
Net neutrality, the network design principle - an end-to-end principle that Internet service providers and regulatory bodies to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally regulating the Internet should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites


 * Tim Wu 2007

Net neutrality or network neutrality is "the principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites."


 * January 29, 2017 Net neutrality "is the principle that Internet service providers and governments regulating the Internet should treat all data on the Internet the same, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication. The term was coined by Columbia University media law professor Tim Wu in 2003, as an extension of the longstanding concept of a common carrier, which was used to describe the role of telephone systems."


 * 2015


 * The end-to-end principle is closely related, and sometimes seen as a direct precursor to the principle of net neutrality.




 * 2015 "net neutrality has stirred up heated debate among both the public and policymakers (Krämer, Wiewiorra, & Weinhardt, 2013)."

Citations by reversed chronological order

 * April 23, 2014


 * 2003 Tim Wu author of Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination


 * 2003 Tim Wu

* June 21, 2006 Tim Berners-Lee
 * 2013 Telecommunications Policy Krämer definition


 * September 1, 2008 NN for Google

Broadband Internet services as public utility

 * Related articles broadband public utility A widely cited example of a violation of net


 * February 27, 2015 The New York Times regulation broadband Internet services as a public utility, similar to the way electricity, gas and water supply is regulated, along with limiting providers and regulating the options those providers can offer.

See also Net neutrality, Net neutrality law, Economic rent, Municipal broadband, Series of tubes, Title II Common Carriers (common carrier), last mile" infrastructure,

Net neutrality in the United States
Net neutrality in the United States Extensive debate about whether net neutrality should be required by law, Internet service providers, Internet service providers, United States Telecom Association, trade association against net neutrality,

Advocates of net neutrality

 * the ability of broadband providers to use their "last mile" infrastructure to block Internet applications and content (e.g. websites, services, and protocols), and even to block out competitors. Opponents claim net-neutrality regulations are unnecessary and deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure.
 * June 4, 2014 John Oliver's rant on Net Neutrality resulted in a wave of comments that crashed the FCC site.
 * August 1, 2014 Wikipedia blog: "net neutrality - the principle of ensuring a consistent quality of service on networks"


 * 2014 The "White House’s explicit endorsement of net neutrality by urging reclassification of the Internet as “telecommunications” instead of the current “information service” status (see Copps, 2014)."

FCC rulings

 * February 26, 2015, FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband access as a telecommunications service, applying Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 as well as section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to Internet service providers.


 * March 12, 2015, the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rule.


 * April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new regulations.


 * June 12, 2015 The rule took effect


 * March 24, 20152015 lawsuit large telecom companies argued FCC overreach United States Telecom Association (a trade association representing large telecom companies) filed a lawsuit against the FCC challenging the net neutrality rule. The US Telecom industry argued that “the FCC reclassifying broadband carriers as ‘common carriers’ is an overreach on the part of the FCC”.


 * June 15, 2016 The challenge sparked "a huge legal battle as cable, telecom and wireless internet providers sued to overturn regulations that they said went far beyond the F.C.C.'s authority and would hurt their businesses."


 * June 2016, in an 184-page ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld, by a 2-1 vote, the FCC's net neutrality rules and the FCC's determination that broadband access is a public utility, rather than a luxury.


 * June 2016 AT&T and the telecom industry said that they would seek to appeal the decision to the Supreme Court.


 * January 23, 2017 Ajit Varadaraj Pai Chairman of the FCC, appointed by President Donald Trump confirmed on January 23, 2017

January 27, 2017 The Verge Pai voted against reclassifying internet service providers as Title II Common Carriers and in his first week at FCC in 2017, he reiterated his disagreement with the 2015 common carrier classification with broadband as a utility like telephones or electricity. This had provided the "legal foundation of net neutrality rules".


 * February 5, 2017 The New York Times Pai, who worked as lawyer for Verizon Communications, before being named Commissioner to the FCC in 2011, released a dozen actions that stunned "consumer advocacy groups and telecom analysts." in the week after his confirmation as FCC Chairman including several actions which are contrary to net neutrality.


 * December 2016, Pai "[net neutrality's] days are numbered".


 * February 2015 Pai opposed the FCC vote enact net neutrality regulations, calling the FCC's declaration that internet service providers have no freedom of speech part of an attempt to weaken the "culture of the First Amendment."


 * February 26, 2015 FCC FCC 2015 rule prevented "internet service providers from blocking or discriminating against internet traffic". Until 2015, there were no clear legal restrictions against practices impeding net neutrality.


 * February 26, 2015 New York Times


 * February 25, 2015 AP debate

Pai, a former lawyer for Verizon, is known as "a stickler on conservative interpretations of telecommunications law and the limits of the F.C.C.’s authority'. In his first week, he also closed an investigation into  zero-rating practices of the wireless providers T-Mobile, AT&T and Verizon. He rescinded the "permissions of nine broadband providers to participate in a federal subsidy plan for low-income consumers" and he "scrapped a proposal to break open the cable box market".

Research
Congressional Research Service
 * June 12, 2015 Congressional Research Service


 * 2014 "Research suggests that a combination of policy instruments will help realize the range of valued political and economic objectives central to the network neutrality debate."

Industry against net neutrality
2014 Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission was a 2014 U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit case. The portion of FCC Open Internet Order 2010 referring to common carriers was vacated and the court rule that the FCC did not have the authority to impose the order because the FCC had classified broadband providers in 2015 under Title I of the Communications Act of 1934. FCC had relinquished its right to regulate broadband providers like common carriers. Loss for network neutrality supporters; victory for the cable broadband industry. FCC Open Internet Order 2010 (blocking (vacated), no unreasonable discrimination (vacated in 2014), transparency (maintained) 2 of 3 were vacated (no blocking, no unreasonable discrimination) and one was upheld (transparency). "the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, DC, ruled that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) needs to reconstitute its regulation, which prohibits broadband providers from blocking or discriminating against third-party content and services (Verizon v. FCC, 2014)."

See also Comcast, "throttling", peer-to-peer file sharing, policy instrument, broadband, public utility


 * October 19, 2007 AP Comcast violated neutrality principles, "secretly slowing (colloquially called "throttling") uploads from peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) applications by using forged packets."


 * October 19, 2007 Comcast, "throttling", peer-to-peer file sharing, policy instrument, broadband Internet services as a public utility

"A widely cited example of a violation of net neutrality principles was when the Internet service provider Comcast was secretly slowing (colloquially called "throttling") uploads from peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) applications by using forged packets."