User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Selected timeline

Selected timeline of events related to critical race theory


 * In the early 1900s, in response to encouragement by Booker T. Washington to the wealthy philanthropist Julius Rosenwald to support African-American education in the US, he provided funds for a series of what became informally known as, Rosenwald Schools. Over the decades, 5000 rural schools and shops for Black children with homes for their teachers were built in the southern states through the Rosenwald Fund.


 * March and April 1915 Alain Locke, who was then with the Teachers College, presented a series of public lectures, under the auspices of the Howard Chapter of the NAACP and the Social Science Club. Kelly Moore, the dean of the College of Arts, and Science, and Lewis Moore, the dean of the Teachers College attended the lectures in which Locke "laid out his new sociological theory that race was not a biological but a historical phenomenon. Racial characteristics were not as scientific racialists asserted, innate and permanent." He cited the studies by Franz Boas.


 * 1924 In his paper "The Concept of Race as Applied to Social Culture", Alain Locke expresses the urgent need to shift from the anthropological.


 * early 1930s the rise of scientific racism in Nazi Germany.


 * 1936 Ralph Bunche, who would later become the first African American to be awarded a Nobel Prize published his first book, World View of Race, in which he said that "race is a social concept which can be and is employed effectively to rouse and rationalize emotions [and] an admirable device for the cultivation of group prejudices."


 * 1942 when Ashley Montagu argued against the use of the term "race" in science, in his book Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. David Reich described Montagu's book as "influential" and said that Montago had argued that "race is a social concept with no genetic basis."


 * 1940 The Carnegie Corporation of New York funded the publication of a 1,500-page book on American race relations. Ralph Bunch was the main researcher for the book—An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy— published in 1944 and authored by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdalby Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal. The publisher of the 1996 edition called it a "classic" that revealed the unsettling "discrepancy" between the American belief in the "respect for the inalienable rights to freedom, justice, and opportunity for all" that contrasted with "pervasive violations of the dignity of blacks".
 * During the Cold War in the aftermath of World War II, the United States sought to promote the Western-style democracy and liberal values throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America to prevent the Soviet Union, and later Russia from spreading communism, according to legal scholar Mary L. Dudziak, whose book Cold War Civil Rights is considered by some to be the seminal work on the issue. American allies followed stories of American racism through the international press, and the Soviets used stories of examples of racism against Black Americans as a vital part of their propaganda. During the presidency of Harry S. Truman from 1945 to 1953, the "Negro Problem" was a major concern. The publisher of the 1996 edition listed events such as an "an attorney general flooded by civil rights petitions from abroad; the teenagers who desegregated Little Rock’s Central High; African diplomats denied restaurant service; black artists living in Europe and supporting the civil rights movement from overseas; conservative politicians viewing desegregation as a communist plot; and civil rights leaders who saw their struggle eclipsed by Vietnam"... American race discrimination had an adverse effect on foreign policy effect after World War II. This was a key factor in supporting reforms in the civil rights in the US. Another key factor was the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.


 * July 25, 1946 In the Moore's Ford lynchings four young Black Americans were killed by a mob of armed white men in rural Monroe, Georgia. One of the men was a World War II veteran.


 * 1948 The United States signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


 * 1950 Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950, the first question he was asked was, "Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes?" Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that "the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India." Chief Justice Earl Warren, nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower, echoed Douglas's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association, proclaiming that "Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad, ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights, will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile."


 * 1950 The UNESCO's 1950 Statement, The Race Question, signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars, sought to dismantle any scientific justification or basis for racism and proclaimed that race was not a biological fact of nature but a dangerous social myth. It said that The constitution itself stated that "The great and terrible war that has now ended was a war made possible by the denial of the democratic principles of the dignity, equality and mutual respect of men, and by the propagation, in their place, through ignorance and prejudice, of the doctrine of the inequality of men and races."[1]: 1


 * September 1957 When Orval Faubus, then Democratic governor of Arkansas, called in the National Guard under the direction of Governor Orval Faubus to prevent nine Black students from integrating the Little Rock Central High School, the international press covered the story extensively. President Dwight Eisenhower dispatched federal troops to ensure the students' safety and enforce their right to attend school. The following year Faubus closed all three Little Rock public high schools for a year to subvert the federal government from desegregating Arkansas public schools. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles told President Eisenhower that the Little Rock situation was "ruining" American foreign policy, particularly in Asia and Africa. The US UN ambassador told President Eisenhower that as two-thirds of the world's population was not white, he was witnessing their negative reactions to American racial discrimination. He suspected that the US "lost several votes on the Chinese communist item because of Little Rock."


 * May 17, 1954 The Supreme Court handed down their unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal", and therefore violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Prior to Brown, for almost sixty years there was Racial segregation in the United States. Its was widely covered by the international media and received acclaim internationally.


 * early 1950s One of the attorneys in the NAACP's school desegregation litigation, Judge Robert L. Carter, "whites exerted economic pressures to curb the new militancy among blacks who were joining lawsuits challenging segregation."


 * November 20, 1963. The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination which outlined that body's views on racism. The Declaration was an important precursor to the legally binding Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.


 * 1964	Developmental psychologist Erik Erikson, article "A Memorandum on Identity and Negro Youth" in the Journal of Social Issues since published in A way of Looking at Things. Erikson defined identity as "a subjective sense as well as an observable quality". It involves identifying "sameness" and "continuity", and that which is "irreversibly given". It involves "body type and temperament, giftedness and vulnerability, infantile models and acquired ideals – with the open choices provided in available roles, occupational possibilities, values offered, mentors met, friendships made…"


 * 1964 The NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF) won Hudson v. Leake County School Board which mandated that the all-white school board comply with desegregation. The catalyst for the court case was the closure of one of the historic Rosenwald Schools for Black children in Harmony, Mississippi by the all-white Leake County School Board. Winson Hudson, who was the head of the local NAACP chapter and whose niece attended the Harmony school, was prepared to contest the closure. Like many of the Rosenwald schools, built in the early 1900s, the building was in bad shape but Black parents were proud of the education their children received at the school. Derrick Bell, a young Black lawyer then working for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, convinced Hudson to fight for desegregation. The thought at the time was that resources for desegregated schools would be greater since white parents would insist on better quality schools.


 * December 21, 1965 The United Nations General Assembly adopted and opened the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) for signature. ICERD is a UN Treaty that commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. The Convention also requires its parties to outlaw hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations. By July 2020, it has 88 signatories and 182 parties. The Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD).


 * September 28, 1966 The United States signed the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).

destructive of social and human relations. Since such racial classification is now seen to be of virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance either, no justification can be offered for its continuance".
 * 1972 Research by geneticist Richard Lewontin on variation in protein types in blood was published showing that there is no genetic basis for race as a biological group. Lewontin wrote, "“Human racial classification is of no social value and is positively


 * 1977 Derrick Albert Bell Jr. (1930 – 2011), an American lawyer, professor, and civil rights activist became the first tenured African-American professor of law at Harvard Law School. In the 1970s Bell's re-assessment of the impact of the legal work he did from 1960 to 1966 with the NAACP to desegregate became the cornerstone of Critical Race Theory.

at its twentieth session,
 * November 25, 1978 The Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice was adopted and proclaimed by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)


 * 1978 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke troubled Bell, Bakke sued when he found Black students with lower marks were accepted but he was refused, in this famous reverse racism argument. Bell's uneasiness specific racially intended only responded with tool of colorblindness. He did not see Bakke's case is not equivalent. No about Black people being wronged, it is about race doesn't matter. To Bell this was a false equivalence. Color blind standard of the Constitution.


 * In May 1988, Kimberlé Crenshaw published "Race, reform, and retrenchment: transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law" in the Harvard Law Review


 * 1984 https://web.archive.org/web/20211112170252/http://www.xroads.virginia.edu/~ug03/dumlao/civilrights/cook.beyond-critical-legal-studies.pdf


 * 1994 Bowcock et al. "replicated Lewontin's finding that most genetic variation exists within populations, using newly-available polymorphic microsatellite data".


 * 1994 Cavalli-Sforza et al. published their landmark book, The History and Geography of Human Genes.


 * 1994 In their 2021 article "The apportionment of citations: A scientometric analysis of Lewontin, 1972", published in Scientific Communication and Education, the authors said that in 1994 there was a "serendipitous collision of scientific progress, influential books/papers, and heated controversies." Their scientometric analysis—which included Twitter data—they found that since 1994, "communities and conversations" have kept Lewontin, 1972 at the "epicenter of discussions about race and genetics, prompting new challenges for scientists who have inherited Lewontin's legacy.  Stoler described how anti-racism scholars assumed that by showing that race was a social construct, would disprove the credibility of racism and "dismantle the power of racism itself."   Stoler says that racism became more insidious, subtle, and in the period of late modernity, which began to emerge in the 1950s( Giddens 1990, Beck 1992, Bauman 2000a)


 * 1997 The study entitled "An apportionment of human DNA diversity" published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that "By partitioning genetic variances at three hierarchical levels of population subdivision, we found that differences between members of the same population account for 84.4% of the total, which is in excellent agreement with estimates based on allele frequencies of classic, protein polymorphisms. Genetic variation remains high even within small population groups. On the average, microsatellite and restriction fragment length polymorphism loci yield identical estimates. Differences among continents represent roughly 1/10 of human molecular diversity, which does not suggest that the racial subdivision of our species reflects any major discontinuity in our genome."


 * 2003 Biologist A.W.F Edwards published his article "Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy". According to the scientometric analysis by researchers who traced the number of citations of Lewonton's 1972 article, Edwards 2003 article Lewontin's fallacy has been cited much more frequently.


 * November 14, 2004


 * By 2005, the UNESCO statements, which marked a decisive moment in anti-racism, shaped debates in critical race theory, according to the sociologist of science, Jenny Reardon.


 * 2005 A statement by one of the most influential social scientists in the United States—Charles Murray—who is a fellow and a F. A. Hayek Chair Emeritus in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute, wrote that "Richard Lewontin originated the idea of race as a social construct in 1972" was widely cited. The validity of the statement has been challenged. Murray Murray wrote that, "Turning to race, we must begin with the fraught question of whether it even exists, or whether it is instead a social construct. The Harvard geneticist Richard Lewontin originated the idea of race as a social construct in 1972, arguing that the genetic differences across races were so trivial that no scientist working exclusively with genetic data would sort people into blacks, whites, or Asians. In his words, "racial classification is now seen to be of virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance."" In his 2020 book "Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order: The Global Dynamics of Disinformation", Gabriele Cosentino Murray said that, "Lewontin’s position, which quickly became a tenet of political correctness, carried with it a potential means of being falsified. If he was correct, then a statistical analysis of genetic markers would not produce clusters corresponding to common racial labels."


 * 2005 Audrey and Brian D. Smedley published their article "Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race" in the American Psychologist journal.


 * 1994 Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray published their book, The Bell Curve, which "immediately attracted widespread controversy over its claims that racial differences in IQ were due to innate genetic differences between races.


 * 1997 The American Anthropological Association stated that “data also show that any two individuals within a particular population are as different genetically as any two people selected from any two populations in the world” (subsequently amended to “about as different”).


 * 2001 Educational material distributed by the Human Genome Project said that "two random individuals from any one group are almost as different [genetically] as any two random individuals from the entire world."


 * 2009 Jeffrey J. Pyle published "Race, Equality and the Rule of Law: Critical Race Theory's Attack on the Promises of Liberalism".


 * 2015 In April, the psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt published Biased: The New Science of Race and Inequality. The geneticist Adam Rutherford is currently writing Does Race Exist: A Short Scientific Investigation, and the British science journalist Angela Saini has published a blistering excoriation of those who would use science to back up their racial prejudices. In Superior: The Return of Race Science, Saini says that race, nationality and ethnicity are "ephemeral, real only inasmuch as we have made them real by living in the cultures we do, with the politics we have". She quotes the blunt verdict of the University College London evolutionary geneticist Mark Thomas: "'Race' is useless, pernicious nonsense," he says."


 * 2019 In his New Statesman article, Michael Brooks wrote that "In 1970, the developmental psychologist Erik Erikson defined identity. It is, he said, "a subjective sense as well as an observable quality". It involves identifying "sameness” and "continuity", and that which is "irreversibly given". It involves “body type and temperament, giftedness and vulnerability, infantile models and acquired ideals – with the open choices provided in available roles, occupational possibilities, values offered, mentors met, friendships made…"


 * 2020 The author of an article in the Manitoba Law Journal, used Critical Race Theory to examine how a number of Supreme Court of Canada Charter-related decisions "allowed for an expansion of police powers that exacerbate the maltreatment of racialized communities by our criminal justice system."

References in reverse chronological order

 * November 8, 2021


 * June 25, 2021


 * June 23, 2021


 * May 29, 2021 name="WaPo_Iati_20210520"


 * May 5, 2021


 * 2020


 * 2019


 * 2017


 * 2016


 * 2014


 * 2014


 * 2013


 * 2012


 * 2012


 * 2012


 * 2010


 * 2009


 * 2008


 * 2008 Levit cites Daniel Farber and Suzanna Sherry who criticize CRT in their influential publication Beyond All Reason. She cites Judge Richard Posner who "labeled critical race theorists and postmodernists the "lunatic core" of "radical legal egalitarianism," and critical legal studies (CLS) and radical feminist scholars as people who have "have plenty of goofy ideas and irresponsible dicta."


 * 2008


 * 2007


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 * 2006


 * 2005


 * 2003


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 * 1998


 * 1998


 * 1998


 * 1997 "liberal legal scholars Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna Sherry mount the first systematic critique of radical multiculturalism as a form of legal scholarship" in Beyond all reason They said that the "Enlightenment foundations of the legal academy are under attack from "the radical multiculturalists" including feminist, gay and lesbian, and critical race scholars who attack traditional concepts of objective truth, reason, merit, and the rule of law".


 * 1995


 * 1995
 * March 1976
 * The imperial scholar: reflections on a review of civil rights literature / Richard Delgado --
 * Looking to the bottom: critical legal studies and reparations / Mars Matsuda. The clouded prism : minority critique of the critical legal studies movement / Harlon L. Dalton --
 * May 1988
 * Race-consciousness / Gary Peller --
 * A cultural pluralist case for affirmative action in legal academia / Duncan Kennedy --
 * Translating "Yonnondio" by precedent and evidence : the Mashpee Indian case / Gerald Torres, Kathryn Milun. Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC : regrouping in singular times / Patricia J. Williams --
 * Groups, representation, and race-conscious districting : a case of the emperor's clothes / Lani Guinier --
 * The id, the ego, and equal protection : reckoning with unconscious racism / Charles R. Lawrence, III --
 * A critique of "our constitution is color-blind" / Neil Gotanda --
 * Whiteness as property / Cheryl I. Harris --
 * Race in the twenty-first century: equality through law? / Linda Greene --
 * Racial realism / Derrick A. Bell, Jr. --
 * Critical race theory, Archie Shepp, and fire music : securing an authentic intellectual life in a multicultural world / John O. Calmore. Two life stories : reflections of one black woman law professor / Taunya Lovell Banks --
 * The word and the river: pedagogy as scholarship as struggle / Charles R. Lawrence, III --
 * Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color / Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw --
 * Punishing drug addicts who have babies: women of color, equality, and the right of privacy / Dorothy E. Roberts --
 * Sapphire bound! / Regina Austin --
 * Navigating the topology of race / Jayne Chong-Soon Lee --
 * The boundaries of race: political geography in legal analysis / Richard Thomson Ford --
 * Rouge et noir reread: a popular constitutional history of the Angelo Herndon case / Kendall Thomas.
 * Navigating the topology of race / Jayne Chong-Soon Lee --
 * The boundaries of race: political geography in legal analysis / Richard Thomson Ford --
 * Rouge et noir reread: a popular constitutional history of the Angelo Herndon case / Kendall Thomas.


 * 1995


 * 1994


 * 1994 "Critical Race Theory (CRT) is a collection of critical stances against the existing legal order from a race-based point of view. Specifically, it focuses on the various ways in which the received tradition in law adversely affects people of color not as individuals but as a group. Thus, CRT attempts to analyze law and legal traditions through the history, contemporary experiences, and racial sensibilities of racial minorities in this country. The question always lurking in the background of CRT is this: What would the legal landscape look like today if people of color were the decision-makers?"


 * 1993


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 * May 1988


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 * "These materials were compiled for use in the Race, racism, and American law course."