User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Testing a new page

{{Short description|False information spread deliberately to deceive {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

R disinformation refers to the use of disinformation as part of Russia's military doctrine in the post-Soviet era.

Timeline

 * 1950s: During the Cold War the Soviet Union used propaganda and disinformation as part of its "active measures...against the populations of Western nations"."
 * 2010s: New technologies provided disinformation campaigns with a "much more potent capability." Russia used the internet as a "direct conduit to individual Western citizens". It became an "extremely efficient asymmetric weapon".  By using widely-available "commercial industry, advertising firms, and inexpensive platforms", Russia did not need to spend a lot of money, "develop new technology, fund infrastructure, or procure new platforms to attack these targets."
 * 2013-2015: During the 2013-2015 conflict in Ukraine, Russia launched a "propaganda warfare" using both state and non-state "clanestine bloggers" and "trolls" on social media platforms to manipulate "public perceptions of the events by controlling an element of rhetoric known as narratives."


 * March 2014: Russia used photos showing unidentified soldiers overrunning Crimea, that were later identified as "Russian special forces", now known as "Little green men". Russia's President Vladimir Putin admitted they were his forces after he successfully "reclaimed the territory from Ukraine."
 * 2016: In the run up to the 2016 United States presidential election, "Russian content" on [Facebook]...may have "reached 126 million Americans", representing 40% of the population of the United States, according to Facebook.


 * 28 August 2016: a New York Times article "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories"


 * 13 September 2017: Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) "The Scourge of Russian Disinformation"


 * 2018: Using methods from human psychology, individuals can be made to believe falsehoods. Propagandists target audiences by appealing to their "preexisting moral, ethical, cultural, religious, or racial beliefs" making them more susceptible to accept disinformation. In democratic countries, propagandists can tailor messaging to further polarize a debate in subgroups along existing fault lines to deepen the divide between them as a way of eroding "trust between citizens and their government." This "makes the truth less about objective facts and more about subjective beliefs they hold".

“How the World Was Trolled: Once Considered a Boon to Democracy, Social Media Have Started To Look Like Its Nemesis,” Economist, November 4, 2017; “Londongrad: Russian Twitter Trolls Meddled in the Brexit Vote. Did They Swing It?,” Economist, November 23, 2017; and Vasco Cotovio and Emanuella Grinberg, “Spain: ‘Misinformation’ on Catalonia Referendum Came from Russia,” CNN, November 13, 2017.


 * 3 February 2022: The New York Times: "U.S. Says Russia Planned to Fabricate Pretext for Invasion"


 * January 20, 2022: United States Department of State: "Russia’s Top Five Persistent Disinformation Narratives"


 * 22 February 2022 The Washington Post: "Russia is fighting a misinformation war with outdated weapons".
 * The Guardian "Australia condemns Russia’s ‘brutal and unprovoked’ invasion of Ukraine".


 * 23 February 2022: PBS NewsHour "Russia uses disinformation on Ukraine military aggressions as a pretext for war"
 * France 24: "Ukraine crisis: A low-cost disinformation campaign aids Putin’s playbook"


 * 24 February 2022: NBC News article "Russian disinformation, propaganda ramp up as conflict in Ukraine grows"
 * BBC News "Ukraine conflict: Many misleading images have been shared online"
 * POLITICO": Social media platforms on the defensive as Russian-based disinformation about Ukraine spreads."


 * 25 February 2022: Los Angeles Times "Putin targets lots of Americans with disinformation. One example? Anti-vaccine groups"
 * AP NEWS "Sorting fact, disinformation after Russian attack on Ukraine"
 * NOW Magazine: "Russian disinformation campaign rallies Canada’s far-right enemy within over Ukraine".
 * The Economist: "Deploying reality against Putin."