User:Of Noble Berth/Roman technology/ Annotated Bibliography

Wikipedia Topic: Roman Technology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_technology

'''Marder, Tod A., and Wilson Jones, Mark. The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.'''

-          The book is about the pantheon, its origins and construction. I plan to use it to create a sub-section about the pantheon in the Wikipedia article. I will place the sub-section in either Building technology or Concrete (Materials) technology. There are issues with dating the Pantheon, one method is to use mudbrick imprints. Following the mudbrick dates would put the initial construction at the time of the Emperor Tragen instead of Haidrian. I will use this information in the Pantheon subsection. I plan to chronologically order buildings, technologies, and engineering feats so the Pantheon sub-section explaining the dating process would fall under that [pg.83-86]. The Drum of the structure has semicircular chambers which relieve some of the stress of the on the drum acted upon by the dome [pg. 106-109]. The Pantheon was designed using the mathematical discoveries of Archimedes about the relationship between a cylinder and a sphere [100-102]. The mathematician Hero of Alexandria’s work went into figuring out the diameter of the ring of the columns in the interior [102].

'''Livingston, R. "Materials Analysis Of The Masonry Of The Hagia Sophia Basilica, Istanbul." WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 3 (1993): WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 1993, Vol.3.'''

-          I plan to use the information to start a section on the Hagia Sophia. The article examines the material used to construct the Hagia Sophia. The article details how the walls needed to be removed during construction as the mortars did not cure to full strength yet [pg. 25 – paragraph 2]. Use of brick crush mortar over limestone mortar in Hagia Sophia construction [pg. 25 – paragraph 1]. Deformation in walls due to slow curing period of pozzolana mortar [pg27 – conclusion].

-           I plan to use the information on mortar strength and its need to cure [pg. 25 – paragraph 2] to create a mortar section in the Wikipedia article. The various materials used in the creation of mortars. Information on pozzolanas [pg. 20 – paragraph 1]. Brick dust having higher bond strength than limestone mortar [pg. 25 – paragraph 1]. Potential use of organic matter used in materials such as egg whites [pg. 25 – paragraph 4]. Use of wide mortar joints suggests builders understood concrete technology [pg. 27 – conclusion].

-          The article also speaks about various techniques used to discover the various building materials used by the Romans. It mentions the use of the following instrumental methods: neutron and X-ray diffraction, small angle neutron scattering, thermal analysis, and automated image analysis of SEM I may use this information to create a section on Methods of Analysis [Abstract].

'''Smith, Norman. "Roman Hydraulic Technology." Scientific American 238, no. 5 (1978): 154-61. Accessed January 28, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/24955738.'''

-          The text is an article about the roman aqueduct system and other water technologies. I plan to use the article to update the current section on the roman aqueducts as well as providing further reading material.

-          Names of different aqua ducts [pg. 154, paragraph 3]. I will use the information to update the Aqueduct section of the article. I also plan to create a Waterworks section of the article in which aqueducts are subsection. “Only about 5 percent” of water was carried on bridges [pg. 154 paragraph 4]. Mention of Sextus Julius Frontinus, managed the public works of rome for 7 years [pg. 154, paragraph 2]. Roman engineers understood the importance of spillways in the design of dams to prevent erosion. Two dams are still in service to this day, providing irrigation. [pg. 157, 3rd column]. I will use this information to reinforce the section on dams. I will turn this section into a subsection within my newly created section Waterworks. The Romans adopted the art of wadi irrigation from the Nabataeans and employed in the large scale in North Africa. The technique use dams to divert and collect water produced during periods of flooding [pg. 158]. I will add this information to the section on dams. It may become a sub-sub-section on Irrigation dams. Under the Emperor Claudius, a massive tunnel system was commissioned to help solve drainage issues around Lake Fucinus [pg. 159]. I will use this information to create a new section on tunnels, which will probably be a sub-section in a new section cover construction. I will also use the information in the section waterworks, sub-section irrigation drainage systems. I will create both sections.

'''Wilson Jones, Mark. Principles of Roman Architecture. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003.'''

-          The book categorizes and presents dimensions for various buildings from ancient Rome. I plan to create a section on the technology of Roman architecture. I also plan to use the book to inform my writing on the various buildings I may comment on in the article.

-          The book presents Vitruvius theory of design, his six principles of design [pg. 40]. I plan to use this information to provide an explanation for Roman architectural design and how that guided their uses of building technologies. The book explains the units of measurements for design [pg. 72]. I plan to create either an architecture section of architecture subsection under engineering and construction to contain this information. The book explains some of the mathematical principles of Roman architects [72-74]. The book has a table of building measurements that I may use in the description of buildings being talked about [pg. 79].

'''Landels, John G. Engineering in the Ancient World. Ancient Culture and Society. London: Chatto & Windus, 1978.'''

-          The book speaks about power and energy sources available in the ancient world. Manpower, animal power, waterpower, wind power, and steam power being some such sources of power available to the ancients [pg. 9-28]. I plan to use this information to create a new section about energy sources available in the ancient world. I will also turn the energy constraints section into a sub-section and ask that it be cited. The book gives a description of the lead and earthenware pipes and they were soldered closed [pg. 42-44]. The books gives reason why the romans did not wish to use closed system pipes (bursts and leakage) [pg. 42] I will use the information in the waterworks section and aqueduct subsection. The book gives descriptions of several water pumps. The screw pump [pg. 59-63], the drum pump [pg. 63 -70], the double launder [pg. 68-70], as well as the chain pump [p. 71-75].  Also the ctesibius water pump [p. 76-78]. The information will be used to develop the waterworks section under the sub-section water pumps.

'Irby, Georgia L. A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome''. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2016.'''

-          This book provides a helpful overview of Roman architecture through the empire’s various ages. It also provides information on optics, roads, ships, and hydro statics. The book speaks to the building materials used in construction, such as marble, limestone, and concrete. The book also provides information on quarries [pg. 825-829]. The book provides a chronological ordering of buildings [Chapter 42]. I plan to incorporate this chronological ordering into the layout of the Wikipedia article, organizing technologies by the ages they were incorporated into practice. Information on the aqueducts, differing pipe sizes for estates and city lines [pg. 917 – 918]. I will use this information in the aqueduct subsection. Roman highway system is described by the book, specific roads are listed and described such as the Via Appia, and the Col de Pierre Pertuis [pg. 919-921]. I plan to add this information to the Roads subsection in the Wikipedia article.

'''Hero, Woodcroft, Bennet, and Greenwood, Joseph George. The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria: From the Original Greek. Taylor, Walton and Maberly, 1851.'''

-          A plan to use this primary source to describe the various water machines of the ancient world. The source describes a compressed air water jet [pg. 23-24]. I will use this information in the water works section. A bird whistling sound when water is poured into a device [pg. 29-30]. I will categorizes this as either a waterworks technology or an acoustic technology. There is a description of a syringe [pg. 80]. I will categorize this in medical technology. The book has a description of steam engine [pg. 72]. I will mention this the steam power sub-section and create a new sub-section on steam devices. The book describes a steam boiler [pg. 100-102]. I plan to contribute this to a steam power device sub-section that I will create.

'''Oleson, John Peter. Bronze Age, Greek, and Roman Technology: A Select, Annotated Bibliography. Bibliographies of the History of Science and Technology; v. 13. New York: Garland Pub., 1986.'''

-          The text is a bibliography of sources about the topic. The bibliography is fairly extensive and provides ancient roman primary sources, as well as secondary sources on energy, power, mechanical devices, construction and civil engineering. I plan to use the source mostly for my own reference to look up new source material if needed. I also plan to incorporate some of the sources in a “further readings” section on the Wikipedia page. The book has a blurb about Sextus Julius Frontinus, an administrator of the Roman water systems, who wrote a book on the water supply of Rome [pg. 8]. I plan to use the information in the further reading section of the Wikipedia article.