User:OldManRivers/Squamish language

Squamish (Squamish: Sḵwx̱wú7mesh []) is a Coast Salish language spoken by the Squamish people of southwestern British Columbia, Canada, centred on their reserve communities in Squamish, North Vancouver, and West Vancouver. It has mix of first and second language speakers that live in their communities, with approximetly 7 first-language speakers remaining who are all elderly and over the age of 75.

Name
Squamish is most often known as Sḵwx̱wú7mesh to speakers of the language. To Halkomelem language speakers, it is known as []) or []). To speakers of St’át’imcetsin, it is known as Xúmis.

The word is a noun construction combining the nominalizer /s/ with the lexical morphemes /ḵw/ + /x̱wú/ and the suffix /-mesh/ meaning "people of". The lexical morphemes are not clearly decipherable although theories exist it relates to water.

A local story about the name "Squamish" says that it means place of big wind in the Squamish language, but no linguistic evidence supports this theory. Squamish is most closely related to the Sechelt, Halkomelem, and Nooksack languages. The name Sḵwx̱wú7mesh was on some documents written as Sko-ko-mish, ’’Skwomesh’’, and ’Sqwo’mesh’’. This should not be confused with the name of the Skokomish people of Washington state.

History
Anthropologists and linguists who have worked on the Squamish language go back to the 1880s. The first collection of words was collected by German anthropologist Franz Boas. During the following decade, anthropologist Charles Hill-Tout collected some Squamish words, sentences and stories. In the 1930s, anthropologist Homer Barnett worked with Jimmy Frank to collect information about traditional Squamish culture, including some Squamish words. In the 1950s, Dutch linguist Aert H. Kuipers worked on the first comprehensive grammar of the Squamish language, later published as The Squamish Language (1967).

In 1968, the British Columbia Language Project undertook more documentation of the Squamish language and culture. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy, the main collaborators on this project, devised the writing system presently used for Squamish. The Squamish-English bilingual dictionary (edited by Peter Jacobs and Damara Jacobs) was published by the University of Washington Press in 2011.

Current Status
In 1990, the Chief and Council of the Squamish people declared Squamish to be the official language of their people, a declaration made to ensure funding for the language and its revitalization. In 2010, the First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council considered the language to be "critically endangered" and "nearly extinct", with just ten fluent speakers. In 2011, the language was being taught using the "Where Are Your Keys?" technique, and a Squamish–English dictionary was also completed in 2011.

A Squamish festival was scheduled for April 22, 2013, with two fluent elders, aiming to inspire more efforts to keep the language alive. Rebecca Campbell, one of the event's organizers, commented: "The festival is part of a multi-faceted effort to ensure the language's long-term survival, not only by teaching it in the schools, but by encouraging parents to speak it at home. Squamish Nation cultural workers, for example, have begun to provide both parents and children with a list of common Squamish phrases that can be used around the home, as a way to reinforce the learning that takes place in the Sea to Sky School District schools. So far 15 families in the Squamish area are part of the program ... 'The goal is to revive the language by trying to have it used every day at home — getting the parents on board, not just the children.'" In 2014, a Squamish-language program was made available at Capilano University.

Vowels
The vowel phonemes of Squamish, first in IPA and then in the Squamish orthography:

Consonants
The consonant phonemes of Squamish, first in IPA and then in the Squamish orthography:

Orthography
the Squamish orthography still conventionally represents the glottal stop with the number symbol 7 because the (glottal stop) character glyph is not found on typewriters and did not exist in most fonts until the widespread adoption of Unicode. Of course, the same character glyph is also used as a digit to represent the number seven.