User:OliverJackMyers/Week 4 revisions proposal article 1 and 2

Article 1: Behavioral Epigenetics
"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental health disorder

Article 1: Behavioral Epigenetics  (Class "C" for a intermediate article - could use some work)

Sandbox draft for this article, Bibliography for this article.

Article summary: This article serves to give a broad overview of how epigenetics works and how It can manifest then impact stress/anxiety, cognition, and various topics within mental health. This article briefly touched on bees as social insects that use epigenetics that differentiates their behavior and morphology. The article only mentions a small portion of the reflection on insects to show behavioral epigenetics, but expanding on this further would give a more holistic view and understanding of what epigenetics does in other models that are not just human. Additionally, there is a section for "Suicide" relating to epigenetics that seems to be lacking as it is very short. Expanding this section to explain how intense environmental stressors such as "child abuse" as it is suggested in this article cause epigenetic changes in the brain leading to decreased levels of glucocorticoid receptors could be explained in more detail. Such as suggested in a article published in 2009 by McGowan that reveals that when examining the brains post-death from suicide victims with a history of abuse as a child did indeed have decreased expression of glucocorticoid receptors due to the methylation patterns changing epigenetically from traumatic stress at the NR3C1 promoter region. In Addition to what is proposed above this article can be updated by looking at the stress response correlating to glucocorticoid receptors as it is explained in "Glucocorticoid" Wiki article. This article explains that the stress response in how it relates to glucocorticoids has been found in animal models and human data analysis to show decreased memory formation consolidation when chronic exposure to this stress inducer prevents long term memory formation to work at full capacity. 2

Proposed revisions : - Add additional content and further explanation for the mechanisms of epigenetics for section "Social Insects".

- Add additional content and further explanation and the specific mechanisms and evidence for decreased glucocorticoid receptors in the brain of children who experiences child abuse within the section "Psychopathology and Mental health" paragraph "Suicide".

-Add how the memory formation consolidation is impacted by stress concerning the "Glucocorticoid stress receptor system" taken and adapted from other previously published Wiki articles.

References:


 * 1) McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in the human brain is associated with childhood abuse. Nature neuroscience, 12(3), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2270
 * 2) Wikipedia contributors. "Glucocorticoid." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 11 Feb. 2022. Web. 28 Feb. 2022.

Article 2: Epigenetics of Depression
"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental health disorder

Article 2: Epigenetics of Depression  (Class "C" for a intermediate article - could use some work)

Sandbox draft for this article, Bibliography for this article.

Article summary: This article dives into a broad multi-faceted collection of the epigenetics of depression. Talking about how at the genetic level depression is shown to come about from epigenetic changes in DNA and thus changes in receptors in the brain. There is also mention of treatment by antidepressants and the massive impact that BDNFs have on depression but what is not touched on is how exercise can have a strong effect on treating depression. An article published in 2017 by Fernandes supports that physical activity that induces GABA is then shown to allow for the epigenetic mechanism to transcribe BDNF to then act as a form of treatment for people with depression. This article has a warning that says it needs more medical articles to help back up the research and explanation of epigenetics on depression. Adding some new medical research from the past 5 years would help this article to become more solidified in its findings and explanations of the various components and mechanisms of depression. There has been a study done in 2020 by Lapsley that showed saliva of over 100+ people testing for epigenetic methylation differences for those with and without depression. This medical evidence supported epigenetic models that show changes in LCE genes as it relates to the presence of depression. In addition, this article can be adapted by looking at Wiki articles that talk more specifically about epigenetics and physical exercise as a way to help combat these deficits from depression such as in "Epigenetics of physical excercise". In this article physical exercise is seen to enhance the transcription of the BDNF gene from the exercise resulting in DNA methylation that will cause its promotion and enhanced transcriptionEpigenetics_of_physical_exercise.

Proposed revisions :

- Add a section called "medical reference for epigenetics of depression" to this paper to further support the paper's claims.

- Add a sub-section called "Physical exercise and BDNF" under the "Treatments" section.

-Add additional explanation and comparison on the parallel of exercise and enhanced BDNF expression to enhance memory and how this helps to minimize depression adapted from already created Wiki articles on the topic.

References:


 * 1) Fernandes, J., Arida, R. M., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2017). Physical exercise as an epigenetic modulator of brain plasticity and cognition. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 80, 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.012
 * 2) Lapsley, C.R., Irwin, R., McLafferty, M. et al. Methylome profiling of young adults with depression supports a link with immune response and psoriasis. Clin Epigenet 12, 85 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-020-00877-7