User:Olivia.gehrke/Hymenopus coronatus

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Hymenopus coronatus is a mantis from the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is known by various common names including walking flower mantis and (pink) orchid mantis. It is one of several species known as flower mantises from their resemblance and behavior. They are known to grab their prey with blinding speed.

Description[edit]
This species mimics parts of the orchid flower. The four walking legs resemble flower petals, and the toothed front pair is used as in other mantises for grasping prey.

H. coronatus shows some of the most pronounced size sexual dimorphism of any species of mantis; males can be less than half the size of females. The female predatory selection is the likely driving force behind the development of the extreme sexual size dimorphism. Prior to development of its camouflage, the female mantis implements ambush predation to allow it to hunt larger pollinating insects. An example of this ambush predation is the orchid mantis's ability to ambush foraging butterflies, a fairly large prey, which it captures using its pair of toothed arms and powerful bite. As the female orchid continues to develop, much of its dramatic increase in size can be attributed to predatory selection and ambush predation.

First-stage nymphs mimic bugs of the family Reduviidae, which have a powerful bite and are foul-tasting.

The mantis can change its colour between pink and brown, according to the color of the background.

Distribution[edit]
H. coronatus is found in the rain forests of Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia. It is also found in the Western Ghats of India. Orchid mantises have very specific humidity and temperature requirements, which is why they are not a beginner friendly pet. These mantises require temperatures between 30-55 degrees Celsius with high humidity to create the most optimal environment for them.

Behavior
Hugh Cott quotes an account by Nelson Annandale of Hymenopus coronatus which he reports hunts on the flowers of the "Straits Rhododendron", Melastoma polyanthum. The nymph has "Special Alluring Coloration", where the animal itself is the "decoy". The insect is pink and white, with flattened limbs with "that semi-opalescent, semi-crystalline appearance that is caused in flower-petals by a purely structural arrangement of liquid globules or empty cells". The mantis climbs up and down the twigs of the plant until it finds one that has flowers. It holds on to these with the claws of its two rearmost pairs of legs. It then sways from side to side, and soon various small flies land on and around it, attracted by the small black spot on the end of its abdomen which resembles a fly. When a larger Dipteran fly, as big as a house fly, landed nearby, the mantis at once seized and ate it.

Mimicry has been widely discussed since the 1861 description by Henry Walter Bate. While the orchid mantis is successful at catching it's prey through it's color mimicry alone, recent research shows that orchid mantises attract an increased number of natural pollinators when compared to other flowers. Labeling these mantises as 'aggressive mimics' with their ability to turn pollinators into prey. In a similar study, juvenile orchid mantises of both sexes, were tested against a spectrometer to determine how other insects or organisms react to their stimulus. UV-absorbing white being the most prominent that the mantises reflected. Not similarly, adult mantises showed zero sign of the same reflection compared to the juveniles. Overall, color variation and contrast of the species was low, leading to the discussion that the interpretation of color by other insects does not play a large factor in the mantis's mimicry. Rather, the shape and size of their femoral lobes adds to the overall effectiveness to catch their prey.

The species is reported by Costa, quoting Shelford's 1903 account, to show parental care by guarding the eggs. Costa asks rhetorically "Why has so little [research] been done on parental care in mantids, such an unexpected and intriguing aspect of their behavior?"

The camouflage of the orchid mantis probably deceives potential predators, as well as serving as aggressive mimicry of the orchid to help catch insect prey.

Diet[edit]
The species is carnivorous, mainly catching other insects. In the laboratory, it prefers lepidopteran prey. Its diet consists of small insects, including crickets, flies, fruit flies, beetles, and stinging insects such as bees. Some are cannibalistic, eating their own siblings when one strays too close. Mantises should also not be fed any prey larger than their abdomen as it could cause their abdomen to rupture, ultimately leading to death.

History[edit]
Drawing of nymph of "Hymenopus bicornis in active pupa[l] stage" by James Wood-Mason, who sent it to Alfred Russel Wallace, who in turn lent it to Edward Bagnall Poulton for his 1890 book The Colours of Animals

Alfred Russel Wallace in his 1889 book Darwinism, calls the mantis rare: A beautiful drawing of this rare insect, Hymenopus bicornis (in the nymph or active pupa state), was kindly sent me by Mr. Wood-Mason, Curator of the Indian Museum at Calcutta. A species, very similar to it, inhabits Java, where it is said to resemble a pink orchid. Other Mantidae, of the genus Gongylus, have the anterior part of the thorax dilated and coloured either white, pink, or purple; and they so closely resemble flowers that, according to Mr. Wood-Mason, one of them, having a bright violet-blue prothoracic shield, was found in Pegu by a botanist, and was for a moment mistaken by him for a flower. See ''Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.'', 1878, p. liii.

—  The drawing was published in Edward Bagnall Poulton's book The Colours of Animals. Poulton calls it an "Indian Mantis" which "feeds upon other insects, which it attracts by its flower-like shape and pink color. The apparent petals are the flattened legs of the insect."

Breeding[edit]
The orchid mantis is favored by insect breeders, but are extremely rare, so they are extremely expensive. Breeding the mantises is a time consuming process as the larger female will try to eat the smaller male once the mating is done. Therefore, the breeder will need to watch the couple throughout the entire process.