User:Ongmianli/Portfolios/Anorexia nervosa

Demographic Information
This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of anorexia nervosa that they are likely to see in their clinical practice.

1World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview

2International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

3Eating Attitudes Test

4Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

5Eating Disorder Inventory

6Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism

7Eating Disorders Diagnostic Interview

8Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses

9National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule

10Modified Survey for Eating Disorders

11Interview Rating of Anorexia and Bulimia - Teenager Version

12Interview Rating of Anorexia and Bulimia - Revised Version

13Branched Eating Disorders Test

14Eating Disorder Examination

15Korean Version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview

16Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders

Search terms: [Anorexia Nervosa OR anorexia OR eating disorder OR disordered eating] AND [prevalence OR base rate OR epidemiology] in Google Scholar

Diagnostic Criteria
Diagnostic efficiency information for all included measures is based on criteria from DSM-IV or earlier. As of the compilation of this portfolio, diagnostic efficiency information for these measures based on DSM-5 criteria is unavailable. Once sufficient time for implementation of DSM-5 has passed, measures should be re-evaluated for efficiency with new data. The Feeding and Eating Disorders section of the DSM has undergone notable revision with the shift from DSM-IV to DSM-5, with a primary goal of reducing the large number of Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) diagnoses due to many individuals not fully meeting criteria for Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa as delineated by DSM-IV. Base rates of Feeding and Eating Disorders are likely to shift once DSM-5 criteria have been fully incorporated into clinical practice and research.

Anorexia Nervosa diagnostic criteria have changed as follows:
 * The requirement for amenorrhea was eliminated in DSM-5
 * Criterion A (low body weight) wording was edited for clarification
 * Criterion B (fear of weight gain) expanded to include both expressed fear of weight gain and persistent behavior interfering with weight gain

Recommended Screening Measures:

 * 1) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Diagnoses Anorexia Nervosa module (SCID): See Appendix A
 * 2) Eating Disorder Examination (EDE): See Appendix B
 * 3) Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): See Appendix C
 * 4) Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26): See Appendix

Areas Under the Curve (AUCs) and Likelihood Ratios for Potential Screening Measures for Anorexia Nervosa in Adult Females
1Rating of Eating Disorder Severity for Children

2Eating Disorder Inventory

3Eating Attitudes Test

4Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire

5Eating Disorders Questionnaire Online Version

Note: “LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000).

Search terms: [Anorexia Nervosa OR Anorexia OR eating disorder OR disordered eating] AND [measure OR assessment OR questionnaire OR self-report] AND [sensitivity OR specificity OR ROC OR AUC OR likelihood ratio] in Google Scholar
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Note: “LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000).

Search terms: [Anorexia Nervosa OR eating disorder] AND [measure OR assessment] AND [sensitivity OR specificity OR ROC OR AUC] in Google Scholar

Treatment
Treatment of AN typically consists of restoring the individual to a healthy weight and addressing thoughts and behaviors which are related to the eating disorder. It may involve re-nutrition, psychotherapy, nutritional counseling, and medication.

Literature reviews of existing research indicate that evidence supporting AN treatment is lacking. A systematic review of AN treatment efficacy studies by Bulik et al. (2007) found that evidence supporting medications, medications and behavioral interventions, and behavioral interventions alone in adults is weak. There is moderately strong evidence suggesting that behavioral interventions may be helpful for adolescents. In particular, adolescents may benefit from family therapy. Clinical trials investigating AN treatment suffer from high rates of attrition, as key features of AN (e.g., denial, fear of weight gain) may contribute to low motivation for remaining in treatment.

More severe cases of AN may be treated in inpatient settings, which are equipped to manage the re-nutrition process and provide medical monitoring. Partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient programs may provide intermediate levels of treatment intensity to assist individuals in the transition from intensive care to outpatient care after weight restoration.

Clinically Significant Change Benchmarks with Common Instruments
Benchmarks Based on Published Norms

Note: “A” = Away from the clinical range, “B” = Back into the nonclinical range, “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean.

Search terms: [Anorexia Nervosa OR eating disorder] AND [validity OR clinical significance] in Google Scholar

Process Measures
Body weight is commonly monitored by clinicians throughout the AN treatment process as helping individuals regain and maintain a healthy weight is a primary treatment goal for AN. Many treatment centers have policies prohibiting patients from seeing their weight.

Motivational Stages of Change may be used to monitor individuals’ readiness to take action against eating disorder behaviors. It has demonstrated predictive validity in a sample of female adolescents attending eating disorder treatment groups (Gusella, Butler, Nichols, & Bird, 2003). See Appendix E

Appendices

 * [Hardcopy of anorexia nervosa portfolio]