User:Ongmianli/Portfolios/Schizophrenia

Demographic information
This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of schizophrenia they are likely to see in their clinical practice.


 * †Rates reflect schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
 * Note: DIS = Diagnostic Interview Schedule, CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview, SCID = Structured Diagnostic Interview for DSM, BASIC-32 = Behavior and Symptoms Identification Scale

Search terms: [Schizophrenia] AND [prevalence OR incidence], [Schizophrenia] AND [Prevalence] AND [Outpatient OR inpatient] in PsycINFO, Medline, and PubMed

Recommended Diagnostic Interviews

 * Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID); Located on Penn Lab, See Appendix 1 for schizophrenia modules

Recommended Screening Instruments

 * PDSQ – available from Western Psychological Services www.wpspublish.com
 * SIPS – available from PRIME clinic at Yale University, contact Dr. Barbara Walsh at 203-974-7052
 * BSABS – available from http://www.amazon.co.uk/BSABS-Assessment-Commentary-References-Documentation/dp/3832271732 or publisher Shaker Verlag www.shaker.de

Areas Under the Curve (AUCs) and Likelihood Ratios for Potential Screening Measures for Specific Phobias

 * Note: ‡ Used the SCID administered by trained raters. • Used Present State Examination 9 and psychiatrist diagnosis. (*) Cutoff score for all clusters was 15% of symptoms in that cluster present (for cluster 1= 5/35 symptoms)


 * “LR+” refers to the change in likelihood ratio associated with a positive test score, and “LR-” is the likelihood ratio for a low score. Likelihood ratios of 1 indicate that the test result did not change impressions at all. LRs larger than 10 or smaller than .10 are frequently clinically decisive; 5 or .20 are helpful, and between 2.0 and .5 are small enough that they rarely result in clinically meaningful changes of formulation (Sackett et al., 2000).

Search terms: [schizophrenia] AND [sensitivity OR specificity] AND [differential diagnosis] AND [prodrome] in MedLine and PsycINFO

Treatment
Cognitive behavioral therapy to routine care has shown limited evidence of an average effect size on psychosis symptoms. However, individual CBT is not widely available in the US, and group CBT is likely more cost-efficient.

Process and Outcome Measures

 * “A” = Away from the clinical range, “B” = Back into the nonclinical range, “C” = Closer to the nonclinical than clinical mean.

Search terms: [schizophrenia] AND [clinical significance OR outcomes OR change] AND [PANSS OR SWLS] in MedLine and PsycINFO

Note: Clinical significance may be limited for use in schizophrenia as the disorder is currently incurable and the extent to which a return to normal functioning may be less common. For this reason, some investigators have used methods other than those proposed by Jacobson and Truax (1991) to develop cut-off points (Jacobson et al. 1999).
 * Example: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) cut-off scores of 40, 45 and 50 have been mentioned for clinically significant change for schizophrenia patients in hospital settings (Schennach et al. 2015).

Local Resources
Schizophrenia Treatment and Evaluation Program (STEP): Outpatient clinic specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of: Physical address: Carr Mill Mall
 * 1) Schizophrenia
 * 2) Bipolar disorder
 * 3) Depression
 * 4) Other serious mental illnesses with psychotic symptoms

200 N. Greensboro St., Suite C-6 Carrboro, NC 27510

Phone number: 919.962.4919

Website: https://www.med.unc.edu/psych/cecmh/patient-client-information/step-community-clinic

Outreach And Support Intervention Services (OASIS): Outpatient clinic specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of first episode psychosis and for individuals at risk for psychosis

Physical address: Carr Mill Mall

200 N. Greensboro St., Suite C-6 Carrboro, NC 27510

Phone number: 919.962.1401

Website: https://www.med.unc.edu/psych/cecmh/patient-client-information/oasis

Caramore Community: Structured support program for adults with mental illness

Physical address: 550 Smith Level Rd, Carrboro, NC 27510

Phone number: 919.967.3402

Website: http://www.caramore.org

The Farm at Penny Lane: Part of the UNC Center for Excellence in Community Mental Health that provides activities and groups for people with Severe Mental Illness, including: Main contacts: National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI):
 * 1) Community Garden
 * 2) Horticulture Therapy Program
 * 3) UNC Paws: Dog-training Therapy Program
 * Michelle Morehouse, Farm Manager
 * Phone: michelle_morehouse@med.unc.edu
 * Email: 919-869-3419
 * Thava Mahadevan, Director of the Farm, Director of Operations at the UNC Center of Excellence in Community Mental Health
 * Phone: thava@unc.edu
 * Email: 919-962-4919

North Carolina site that provides support, education and advocacy for the families and friends of people with mental illnesses

Physical address: 309 W Millbrook Rd, Ste. 121, Raleigh, NC, NC 27609

Phone number: 919.788.0801

Website: http://naminc.org

Web-based Resources
Online Support Group for Family Members & Individuals with Schizophrenia

Website: http://www.schizophrenia.com/coping.html

Chatrooms for Individuals with Schizophrenia: General Information about Schizophrenia:  http://www.schizophrenia.com
 * http://www.schizophrenia-online.com/
 * http://theircvillage.com/chat/