User:P. G. Nicholas/sandbox

=Cognitive Map/Mental Map=

In an experiment done by Edward C. Tolman, the development of a mental map was seen in rats. A rat was placed in a cross shaped maze and allowed to explore it. After this initial exploration, the rat was placed at one arm of the cross and food was placed at the next arm to the immediate right. The rat was conditioned to this layout and learned to turn right at the intersection in order to get to the food. When placed at different arms of the cross maze however, the rat still went in the correct direction to obtain the food because of the initial mental map it had created of the maze. Rather then just deciding to turn right at the intersection no matter what, the rat was able to determent the correct way to the food no matter where in the maze it was placed.

=Speech Shadowing=

Experimental Applications
The speech shadowing technique is used in dichotic listening tests. During these tests, subjects are presented with two different messages, one in their right ear and one in their left. The participants are often asked to focus on only one of the different messages and this is where the speech shadowing technique is used. Participants are instructed to shadow the attended message by repeating it out loud with a delay of a few seconds between hearing a word and repeating the word. The speech shadowing techniques is significant for these experiments because it ensures that the subjects are attending to the desired message.

=Memory Rehearsal=

Memory rehearsal is a term for the role of repetition in the retention of memories. It involves repeating information over and over in order to get the information processed and stored as a memory.

In the Baddeley's model of working memory, this ability comprises a central executive and two buffers - the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad. Both storage buffers are characterized by passive storage and rehearsal information. This rehearsal function has been associated with frontal networks such as the Broca's area

Maintenance Rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal is a type of memory rehearsal that is useful in maintaining information in short term memory or working memory. However, it is not an effective way of having information processed and transferred into long term memory. This type of rehearsal usually involves repeating information without thinking about its meaning or connecting it to other information. This is why the information is not usually transferred to long term memory.

An example of maintenance rehearsal would be remembering a phone number only long enough to make the phone call. For instance, one may look up a phone number in a phone book and constantly repeat the number out loud until the number is put into the phone to make the call. The number is held in working memory long enough to make the call but the number is never transferred to long term memory. An hour later, or even five minutes after the call, the phone number will no longer be remembered.

Elaborative Rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal is a type of memory rehearsal that is useful in transferring information into long term memory. This type of rehearsal is effective because it involves thinking about the meaning of the information and connecting it to other information already stored in memory. It goes much deeper than maintenance rehearsal.

According to the levels-of-processing effect by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, this type of rehearsal works best because of this depth of processing.