User:PMMorin/American Indian boarding schools/Bibliography

Add information on Day Schools
== Day schools were also created to implement federal mandates .(Add) Compared to boarding schools, day schools were a less expensive option that usually received less parental pushback. One example is the Fallon Indian Day School opened on the Stillwater Indian Reservation in 1908. (Add) Even after the process of closing boarding school started, day schools remained open. ==

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== After the Indian Wars, Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt was assigned to supervise Native prisoners of war at Fort Marion which was (Add)located in St. Augustine, Florida. The United States Army sent seventy-two warriors from the Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche and Caddo nations, to exile in St. Augustine, Florida. They were used as hostages to encourage their peoples in the West to remain peaceful. Pratt used a military based approach and began working on the prisoners right away. He made them learn English, cut their hair and where uniforms. He also granted them increased autonomy within the prison.[22] His educational philosophy was summarized in a speech he made in 1892:"'A great general has said that the only good Indian is a dead one. In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead.'"Pratt continued the assimilation model in developing the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. (Add) Pratt felt that within one generation Native children could be integrated into Euro-American culture. With this perspective he proposed an expensive experiment to the federal government. Pratt wanted the government to fund a school that would require Native children to move away from their homes to attend a school far away. The Carlisle Indian school, which became the template for over 300 schools across the United States, opened in 1879. Carlisle Barracks an abandoned Pennsylvanian military base was used for the school that became the first school that was not on a reservation. ==

== The curriculum included vocational training for boys and domestic science for girls and related to the rural cultures where most were from. This both the administration's understanding of skills needed at most reservations, the rural American society overall. In common with residential schools, students also worked to carry out chores. The helped sustain the farm and food production for the self-supporting school and producing goods for market. They also produced a newspaper. They had a well-regarded chorus and orchestra, and developed sports programs. In the summer students often lived with local farm families and townspeople, reinforcing their assimilation, and providing labor at low cost to the families. ==

== Add a Paragraph on Abuse in Boarding Schools The children in boarding school experienced many different types of abuse. They were given white names, focused to speak English and were not allowed to practice their culture. They took classes on how to properly complete manual labor such as farming and housekeeping. When they were not in class, they were expected to do the upkeep of the schools. Unclean and overpopulated living conditions led to spread of disease and many students did not receive enough food. Bounties were offered for students who tried to run away, and many students took their own lives. Sometimes students who died were buried in the school cemetery in coffins made by their classmates. ==

== Add information on the new standards and assessments by BIA Circa 2020 the Bureau of Indian Education operates approximately (Update Number)183 schools, primarily non-boarding, and primarily located on reservations. The schools have 46,000 students. Modern criticisms focus on the quality of education provided and compliance with federal education standards. (Add) In March of 2020 the BIA finalized a rule to create Standards, Assessments and Accountability System (SAAS) for all BIA schools. The motivation behind the rule is to prepare BIA students to be ready for college and careers. ==

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 * http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_boardingschools
 * https://boardingschoolhealing.org/education/us-indian-boarding-school-history/
 * https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/a-century-of-trauma-at-boarding-schools-for-native-american-children-in-the-united-states
 * https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/stories/articles/2020/4/13/early-years-american-indian-boarding-schools
 * https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16516865
 * https://www.bie.edu/landing-page/standards
 * https://www.bia.gov/education
 * https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/apache-incarceration.htm ===  ==