User:POds/Sandbox/History of rugby league in South Africa

Rugby league in South Africa has a long and turbulent history, consisting of no less then three and possibly four different administrative boards, committee or interests over 40 odd years that attempted to establish the game of rugby league in South Africa. Neither, certainly the earlier attempts where very successful.

The first attempted expansion of the code into South Africa was primarily put together by the English and encouraged by the French for the purpose of expanding the game into new nations, that would inevitably bring more tests to the English and French shores, ensuring a lucrative future. At least, that was the plan; however it was not to be, the South African public did not take to the sport and the expansion plans where stopped prematurely causing a 3rd scheduled match in London to not be played.

The second attempted expansion was a strange double act in the 1960s consisting of two separate factions, known as the National Rugby League and South African Rugby League. Each fought for their own survival until the RLIF laid down the law that saw the NRL effectively shut down and its clubs moved to the SARL. All was looking good for SARL until a South African representative team toured Australia and where embarrassingly beaten, enough to discourage South African fans from supporting their national team and thus it never caught on.

The 1990s brought forth a more committed band of entrepreneurs and men who had rugby league flowing through their veins. Their passion ensured that the game would live on and the foundation left by the 1990s administration still lives on today, all be it, a former shadow of its self.

Failed promotion - 1950s
In 1953, a committee was formed, headed by Mr. Ludwig Japhet, for the sole purpose of promotion of rugby league. No doubt, the decision to form such a committee was the lure of potential sponsorship and gate takings that playing rugby league in new areas or against other nations would undoubtedly bring to the game. Mr. Ludwig Japhet held a meeting with Mr. Fallowfield in December of that year to discuss the possibilities of rugby league promotion in which South Africa was discussed.

The labours of the promotional committee bore its fruit in South Africa in 1957 with the British and French teams staging a series of exhibition matches for the promotion of the game. Unfortunately neither the British or the French took the games seriously, which resulted in light and effortless tackling; the lack of the biff and barge, which the South Africans where so accustom too left them unsatisfied with what they had seen. After playing the two matches in Benoni and Durban a third was scheduled for East London, although this never did eventuate.

The games failed to attract any public support, however the infiltration was a mild success with several rugby union players realising the worth of a rugby league player in Britain. This realisation led to many a springbok and rugby player to switch codes and country. The South African national rugby union team (known as the Springboks) took an approach to relating this convert passion to treason and proceeded to ask for Springbok gear back, including jerseys and blazer. One unfortunate player to receive the request was, Colin Greenwood, whose reply was never made public.

Another attempt - 1960s
The idea of rugby league in south Africa faded with the death of Mr. Ludwig Japhet after the experimental tour, only to be brought back to life with the formation of two almost in disguishable but totally separate rugby league organisations: The National Rugby League (NRL), formed by one Mr. Norman Lacey and Rugby League South Africa (RLSA) instigated by a Mr Maurice Smith with the formation of a caretaker committe of which Messers John B. Weill and Irwin Benson where involved and subsequently handed the responsibility of the fledging organisation.

Both league's saw them selves as the governing body of rugby league in South Africa and thus both had plans to commence competitions in the summer of 1962. Eventualy both organisations came to be actively reporting to the British RFL, as well as receiving promotional material which fostered an intense rivalry between the two factions. Unfortunately for rugby league in South Africa, the two organisations could not settle their differences and each went a head with their respectful competitions; so was born rugby league in South Africa, under confusing and hostile circumstances.

In that year, both organisations sought touring teams from the UK. The National rugby league organised to have Wakefield Trinity compete against a combined XIII, however as the score lines told, this was perhaps too stiff for the South Africans to handle, loosing 59-3. Rugby League South Africa attempted to counteract any of the difficulties its identical twin had in the face of stiff English competition and hired former Wigan, Easts and Australian couch, Dave Brown, for three months. The Lions defeated the South Africans rugby league representative side convincingly. Fortunately, not all was lost as the British later admitting that the South Africans where skilled, only lacking in tactics, specifically defensive, which had lost them the game.

1962

 * Imagination:

Each organisation went on to make separate applications for affiliation with the International Board. The RLIF must have known that the decision to grant one league affiliation with the board would inevitably lead to the collapse of the other and thus such a move would result in loss of clubs and fans.

In an effort to protect the game in South Africa, the international board put forth a proposal to both parties that would effecitvly see the two league's merged. In reality, the RLIF gave the NRL its death notice, who had little choice but to turn over it's clubs to the South African Rugby League as it seemed the RLIF now favoured the SARL over its self. To make the deal more apealing to the NRL, the international board also proposed that the NRL clubs founders be reimbursed for any initial investments through future NRL club profits in the SARL.

1963

 * The Begining of the end:

South African rugby league as it seemed, had a future. Part of this future, it was hoped, was that the nine teams located in the Johannesburg area would launch the 1963 season.

At the time when the International Board had made its proposal for the combined governing body for rugby league in South Africa it also stated the significance an invitation from Australia to the South Africans to tour. The Australian board of control also took on the International Boards proposal and in an obvious expression of their interest in seeing rugby league exceed in South Africa, offered the invitational side 65 percent of gross gates and a guaranteed $45,000.

As was a tradition already set down in South African rugby league history, only more could go wrong, and it did. The visitors where totally out-played by the Australian's, even taking into account the early injuries sustained by the South Africans. It was obvious the skill and their knowledge of tactics (particularly of the forwards) had not improved and so it set a deep decline for South African rugby league.

It only took the further preventative steps, from the South African rugby union, to see that rugby league would have a hard time catching on in South Africa. Eventually the collapse of South African rugby league was apparent. Personal tragedy followed for everyone involved, but none more so then former union cum league players who where once considered national heroes where effectivly ostracised from the South African Rugby Union and prevented from playing another game of rugby football again.

New Beginings - 1990s
South African rugby league was a thinking process as far back as 1988 when Dave Suthern looked to develop the game he had played and loved for many years in his home nation at the time (South Africa). It was he and Tony Barker who first stired interests in league in 1990 through an advertisement in a regional Johannesburg paper (Saturday Star) that attracted sufficient interest to hold an inaugural lunch.

The lunchen resulted in the formation of a board with no less then fourteen, which included President Trevor Lake, Chairman Jacey Strauss (then General manager of Pepsi Cola South Africa) and Referee Barry Haslam.

Club formation in the first year or two was left to Dave Suthern who also coached the often over ran clinics at some black schools of Northern Johannesburg, and Mamelodi in Pretoria.

1992

 * The first champion ship:

Until this point, the SARL board had only organised the odd friendlies and township clinics. That all changed when SARL organised an inner city championship, the first of its kinda under the administrations control.

Strauss begain to effectivly run the league in 1992 and set about fundraising; at times utilising his offices efforts to get things done, which earned the board a new sponsor (a local Pretoria motor dealer) for the championship to be held in september.

Meanwhile, SARL had also made contact with a Melbourne based entrepreneur Glenn Johnson who in turn, saw potential of Russia coming to South Africa for a test. Importantly, he brought to South Africa his cousin, Paul Matete, the ex-Kiwi international who soon become South African Rhino's coach. Paul Matete used the championship as a launch pad for his first ever-national team to play Russia that November.

Importantly the championship had attracted Mike Bardsley, an enthusiast who had access to videos, editing equipment and contacts at S.A.B.C, the state broadcaster. Bardsley videod the championship and some black clinics and put together a good promotional package. S.A.B.C showed it and the response was good.

The championship was staged in Pretoria over two days and included teams from Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg and East London. Durban beat Pretoria 8-6 in a very hard final.

Barry Haslam refereed seven open age games in 24 hours. It was this that lead to further development of the league and south african rugby leagues first referee development program.


 * The first test series:

Dave Southern's good work in the townships had given SARL useful political allies to get approval for the tour. Jacey Strauss found both SA and Russian based sponsers to pay for food, accommodation and matches. The Russian Bears arrived in November.

South Africa lost both their games, leaving it to a local Cape Town side to win back some South African pride. The agregate crowd for the tour was in excess of 6000, which unfortunatly was not enough to have the competition at least break even. Despite the debt, the good crowd figures and pleasing displays from both sides ment that the series had given SARL a small launch pad for the code in South Africa.

Meanwhile the RFL was struggling to manage troubles that had arrisin in Russian rugby league which lead to the RFL to appoint the Australian Rugby League and Bob Abbottas, minder of the SARL.

1993

 * The board splits:

Turmoil hit South African rugby league again as two factions formed within the board when members became disgruntled over poor financial management, extravagance and naivete. Strauss and his entrepreneurs felt the organisation could recover and that the investments over the last year where needed to lift the profile of the game. The alternative faction, behind Lake, where concerned with ill-disciplined planning and aimed at more sustainable growth and thus felt resources should be invested in grassroots and particularly the town ships.

In January 1993, nine board members, led by Barry Haslam called for Lake's resignation 'out of the blue'. It duly came and with him two other board members. Dave Southern eventually linked up with the other two to form Mini League. The exchange of letters, threats, abuse and acrimony was unpleasant on both sides.


 * The high point:

The period from 1993 to 1994 is supposed to have been an era of unprecedented growth and success of the game in South Africa attributed mostly to the South African televising of the ARL despite the claim that the weekly half hour highlights package was used more as a filler then as a program designed to attract significant viewers. The televising ran uninterrupted for 18 months and attracted an average verwiership of 1.2 million, no doubt an important advertisment for rugby league in South Africa.

In August, the league finances stabilised and Pepsi became major sponsor of a youth sevens tournament. The tournament ran with over 1,000 children, still a rugby league record for one festival. Meanwhile Ian Parnaby and Haslam coached over 90 referees/teachers and ran clinics in the Cape townships for 500 children.

South Africa performed well enough at the World Sevens earlier in the year that the ARL saw fit to give their blessing for a tour to South Africa by Australian outfit, North Sydney Bears; negotiated by Struass and Haslam.

Following the russian tests, the 1993/94 season included an all time high of 26 clubs from Johannesburge, Cape Town, Natal and Mooi-Nooi. The league also consisted of 4 regional committees which began to prepare for the arrival of Barla. The number of clubs and regional committees represented a strength to the board, never before seen in South African rugby league.

1994
The SARL was riding a wave of success and profit from the 1993 season. The BARLA tour was well run, well attended and had good sponsorship. The Rhinos sharpened their own preparation with another good Sydney Sevens. The league was in the black, expanding and taking the game to new areas, such as Randfontein with the Transvaal and BARLA game, which it is reported attracted a crowd of 300.


 * Pollitical Change:

The multi-racial elections of April 1994 precipitated changes to the country that caused League to rapidly lose ground over the next 18 months and since never regain its previous public support.

Global sport exploded; South Africa had legitimate international competition. Rugby Union, soccer, cricket, tennis, golf and athletics made large in-roads into South African pysche as sports people signed up deal after deal and world sport filled South African television screens; leaving little room for rugby league. Former sponsors of township development now diverted all their spare cash to government projects. League was eventually forced off television as other sports with overseas sponsorship came in, such as swimming, basketball and baseball.

1995

 * Ockie Oosthuizen:

Ocki Oosthuizen was a self-made and well known entrepenuer who had been hovering on the fringes of the league well before his arrival in mid 1994 when he was to professionally event manage the october series against Queensland, another tour attributeable to Bob Abbott. The Rihons where coached by Paul Matete and assisted by no less than Artie Beetson. The event ran in the red and the Rihons where beat 28-0. Suffering a substantial financial loss, Ockie promptly withdrew his financial support for the December tour by Perth Western Reds, which went a head anyway, although it was modestly run, staged and attended.

The South African Rugby League club season shrank on the back of SARLs luming financial crisis and a lack of league being broadcast on South African television screens. However Ockie had not been discouraged by the years missfortunes and arranged to have the ailing SARL office moved to his insurance firm where a consultants developed a business plan for the launching of a professional league in South Africa. However, Ockie lost patience with the board, who where largely amateur club men, as apposed to ockie who had come from an entrepreneurial life.

Ockie's attitude hardened the moment Super League exploded onto the scene. He was above board about his views, which largely excluded grassroots development, and frantically pursued Super League in with his plans in Leeds and Sydney. But the clubs fought back, undermining Oosthuizen's ambitions and fuelling suspicions and global politics that held back the previous international board.


 * World Cup:

By July 1995, three months before the Centenary World Cup, Ockie Oosthuizen had serious reservations about the likelihood of a deal with Super League.

Tony Fisher arrived to prepare the Rhinos for the World Cup and he and Ootsthuizen - both abrasive- quickly fell out. The Rhinos, a collection of largely club players, trained daily for 15 weeks and confidently beat BARLA in two tests. Oosthuizen was footing the bill and a last ditch visit by Roy Waudby did not engender Ockie or the British Rugby League to either.

The Halifax World Cup saw athe Rhinos easily beat in their three games.

The court case against the Australian Super League and Ockie's Fall out with the British Rugby League (Maurice Lindsay) ended his involvement with SARL.

1996
SARL steadily became more unstable as Ockie dissassociated himself with the board and their membership of the RLIF was suspended. As the Super League and ARL civial war continued in Australia, chewing mounds of moneys that otherwise would have been used for international development, South Africa where left abandon like many start up leagues of the time.

The South African Rugby League came close to total collapse; the board however regrouped and contact resumed with the RFL. Following the regrouping, the board held a fully democratic annual general meeting. Contact resumed with the RFL, through Maurice Lindsay who supported SARLs ambitions to enter the 1996 student world cup, which SARL had planned to use as a vehicle for restablishing the ailing SARL and its clubs to its former more stable self. SARL went onto win the bowl-final as apposed to the cup final of the student world cup; a semi-good result.

Through some intense lobbying by SARL and constant support from the RFL's Maurice Lindsay, South Africa were further awarded the Student World Cup for 1998.

Further to SARLs rebuilding effort, Barry Haslam accepted an invite to the international board meeting in Auckland of that year. Haslam gave his presentation and proposal for SARL to be invited back as a member of the RLIF. Maurice Lindsay subsequently annouced that by an unanimous vote, SARL had been welcomed back to the RLIF.

1997
SARL put together a nines side, coached by ex Springbok, Tiaan Strauss and supplimented by South African players that had been strengthened through scholarships to Australian Super League clubs. The SARL nines beat France, Japan, the Cook Islands, drew to Tonga and lost to GB and Fiji. The Australian Press labelled the SARL nines side as 'the surprise package' of the tournament and dramatically improved.

Bill Banuley, Chairman of Germiston and board member pioneered the "Athlone" model. SARL's efforts in the black townships over the years have largely failed due to little infrastructure and support. Schools, however have been incouraging since parents and teachers are great resources and your still establishing the game at a grass roots level. Athlone had developed into an established league playing school, of whom most of its students where black. Anthlone went on to regularly play and beat white teams without; one of the few sustained acheivements of the 1990s SARL board.

Run-ins with the union
The rugby union had by the 1990s already earned itself a reputation as a bully amongst rugby league supporters, participants and administrators. Unionists who where mainly middle to upper class had proven resourceful, working their way into various nations socials systems, creating chains of communication and authority within. Not only is it common knowledge in rugby league circles, but agreed by many unionists that various rugby union's of the world have acted to curb the uptake of rugby league, in sometimes dramatic fashion.

Many start-up leagues, especially those in a nation which had previously already had a history rugby league thwarting antics, would be wary of the unionists. Barry Haslam held the SARU in low regard and was confident they where involved in many attempts to thwart league's development:
 * "Rugby Union in South Africa was a vicious and arrogant bully in the main. When we heard stories of the eternally pompous Twickenham attitude towards League it could not hold a candle to our struggle." - Barry Haslam, Open Rugby magazine

However, this doesn't mean that the word of Barry or the boards, should be taken as fact. Logic suggests that the rugby union as powerful as it was (given in Barry's Statements further down) had little reason to feel threatened by the SARL who where more so a group of armature club men then a professionally run outfit.

Still, According to Haslam, provincial presidents, who had ties to the unions where threatening schools to stop flirting with the 'devils game' (rugby league) or otherwise that their concessions would be withdrawn, such as: funding, VIP tickets, scholarships and representative honours. On top of that, open age amateur players were repeatedly threatened and large municipalities where attracting the same treatment if SARL attempted to hire stadiums not even owned by the union.

This all seems less creditable when Haslam admits the league played a different season to rugby union to avoid conflict. Further to the point Rugby league with SARL from its begining to its current state has remained small and insignificant compared to other south african sports despite Haslam attemps to expose the 1993/94 season as something special. Thus, it seems unnecessary for the union to have engaged in any activities designed to slow the leagues development of SARL.

However, Haslam is adamant of the unions abilities and their network of buddies in South African life:
 * "Fortunately, however, a change of political dispensation meant Union could no longer dominate the government, schools, civil service and universities. Rest assured, that rugby union remained enormously powerful and, politically, vulnerable." - Barry Haslam, Open Rugby magazine

Dave Southern, founder of the SARL in 1990 who walked out to join mini league certainly doubts to large extents, Haslams break down of events:
 * ''"I would not say that the RU were entirely helpful but they certainly did not get up to the sort of trick that are stated in my time anyway.


 * "I think the RU bogey man type of story fits in well to camouflage lack of progress and bad management."