User:P Aculeius/sandbox

This is the main sandbox of P. Aculeius Spina. Tables created for pages about Crayola crayon colours and Web colours have been moved to a supplemental sandbox. I've also made a bibliographic sandbox and one for sourcing the article on Roman names.

Template for new gens articles
The gens ______ was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned...

Derivation

 * From pater, originally designating a patrician, later a senator, part of the class described by Cicero in De Republica, ii. 12, Livy at i. 8, and Dionysius at ii. 8. –L. S., "Patricii".


 * Some Greek and Roman writers believed they received the name of because they were the fathers of families (Plutarch, Dionysius), or because of their age (Sallust) or because they distributed land to the poor (Festus, Lydus). Others due to the patrocinium which they held over the state and all of its people (Plutarch, Sallust, Zonaras, Suda).  –L. S., "Patricii".

Origin

 * Although the words patres and patricii were at first interchangeable, the patricians were not limited to the descendants of senators. –L. S., "Patricii".


 * Tullus Hostilius admitted the Alban families of the Tullii (Julii?), Servilii, Quinctii, Geganii, Curiatii, and Cloelii (Livy, i. 30); the Metilii (Dionysius, iii. 29). Ancus Marcius admitted the Tarquinii (Dionysius, iii. 48), Tarquinius Priscus the Tullii (Dionysius, iv. 3), Servius Tullius the Octavii (Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus", 1. ff.), and Tarquinius Superbus may have intended to add more (Dionysius, iv. 57; Suetonius, "The Life of Vitellius", 1.)

Relation to the rest of the populus

 * From the founding of the city to the establishment of the plebeian order, the patricians were the whole Roman populus, who possessed the franchise; other inhabitants of Rome were not considered citizens. See Niebuhr, History of Rome, ii. pp. 224, 225, note 507; Cicero, Pro Caecina, 35.  –L. S., "Patricii".


 * The patricians were conquerors who held the original inhabitants of the land in servitude, under the names of clientes and plebs. –L. S., "Patricii".


 * The patricians were divided into the three Romulean tribes, each consisting of ten curiae, which in turn consisted of ten decuries; each tribe consisted of one hundred gentes, and accounted for one third of the senate. –L. S., "Patricii".

Gentes maiores and minores

 * The Ramnes and Tities were the maiores, the Luceres the minores, but this term came to be applied to those families admitted to the three tribes by Tarquin the Elder, while the other Luceres were then called majores.

Consult

 * Cicero, De Republica, ii. 12; Epistulae ad Familares, ix. 21; Pro Caecina, 35.
 * Dionysius, ii. 8; iii. 29, 48; iv. 3, 57.
 * Festus, s. v. Patres Senatores.
 * Livy, i. 8, 30.
 * Lydus, de Mens., i. 20; iv. 50; de Mag. i. 16.
 * Plutarch, "The Life of Romulus", 13.
 * Sallust, Bellum Catilinam, 6.
 * Suda, s. v. Patrikioi.
 * Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus", 1 ff.; "The Life of Vitellius", 1.
 * Zonaras, vii. 8.


 * Göttling, pp. 222, 226 et seq.
 * Niebuhr, History of Rome, i. pp. 304, 336; ii. 224, 225, note 507.

Draft of Patrician (ancient Rome)
The patricians (patricii) were the hereditary aristocracy of ancient Rome. Originating in the time of the kings, the patricians obtained a near monopoly on political power under the early Republic, and they dominated the Roman state down to the period of the Samnite Wars. The patricians were one of the two main social orders that made up the populus Romanus, the body of free Roman citizens. The other order, known as the plebs, or plebeians, consisted of the common people of Rome. The struggle of the plebeians to obtain legal and political equality with the patricians was known as the Conflict of the Orders, and was seen by the Roman historians as the defining process of the early Republic, leading to the establishment of many institutions and traditions that came to be regarded as quintessentially Roman.

In the middle and later Republic, as the patricians and plebeians achieved near-parity in social and political power, the importance of patrician status became largely symbolic, and new divisions appeared among the Roman people, including the equites, or knights, an order based primarily on wealth, rather than inherited privilege, and the political factions known as the optimates and the populares, whose struggles dominated the final century of the Republic. By imperial times, the distinction between the patricians and the plebeians was largely one of prestige; but such was the aura of patrician status that new patricians were created by the Roman emperors to replenish the depleted ranks of that order.

By the third century AD, patrician status ceased to have any practical meaning. The rank of patricius was subsequently revived by Constantine the Great as a title of personal distinction granted to the emperors' most trusted advisors. In this form the title survived the fall of the Western Empire, as it continued to be bestowed on supporters of the Byzantine emperors, and in the west by the popes, as well as the various city-states that emerged in medieval Italy and elsewhere.

Origins
According to tradition, the origins of the patriciate go back to the time of Romulus, the legendary founder and first King of Rome, who appointed one hundred leading men to form the first Roman senate. These senators, who came to be addressed as patres conscripti, or conscript fathers, were viewed as the ancestors of the patricians. Further patrician families were appointed under the succeeding kings, until the time of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last Roman king, who was expelled before he could create any new patricians. Additional families were admitted to the patriciate under the Roman Republic, perhaps by adlection, but it is not clear how often or for how long this was done. By the end of the Republic, the ranks of the patricians were severely depleted, and laws were passed enabling Caesar and Augustus to appoint new patricians.

The origin of the plebeians is less clear. In the later Republic, all free Roman citizens who were not patricians were by definition plebeians. The Roman historians assumed that the plebeian order originated together with or immediately following the patricians, comprising immigrants, freedmen, and those captured in war, who eventually obtained Roman citizenship, but not the full rights of the patricians. However, it is not certain that there was any unified body of plebeians prior to the establishment of the Republic, or that the plebeians constituted a distinct order comprising all non-patrician citizens prior to 367 BC, when the lex Licinia Sextia is said to have opened the Roman consulship to the plebs.

Fasti
This table lists the magistrates and events from the most recent reconstruction of the Fasti Capitolini. The years supplied are based on the Varronian chronology; years AUC given in the original table are provided under "notes". Portions of names and text in square brackets have been interpolated. Periods (full stops) have been supplied for abbreviations. An m-dash is used for missing or unknown filiations. Other missing text is indicated with an ellipsis in brackets, [. . .]. This table uses modern conventions for distinguishing between I and J, and between U and V.

Notes for Roman titles and styles
Social orders (from Harper's):
 * ordo equester, the equestrian order. (DGRA: ordo equestris)
 * ordo sacerdotalis, the priestly order. (DGRA: ordo sacerdotum, per Festus)
 * ordo senatorius, the senatorial order.
 * amplissimus ordo, the Roman senate.
 * ordo decurionum, the municipal senates.
 * orders of libertini, scribae, tribuni aerarii, publicani. (DGRA: ordo aratorum?, per Cicero)
 * uterque ordo, the senate and the equites together.

DGRA: ordo seviralium, the sexviri.

Eques (knight). Harper's: The equites were formed as a class under the kings, originally contributing a century for each of the Romulean tribes. They were subsequently increased to sixteen centuries, then eighteen under Servius Tullius. They were chosen by personal wealth, forming an aristocratic class, and the censors kept their number up to 1,800, dismissing those deemed unworthy and admitting new members as needed. They were provided a horse at state expense, a privilege extended to senators until the reforms of the Gracchi. They were bound to serve in up to ten military campaigns between the ages of 17 and 46, and then passed into the first censorial class. During the second century BC, the equites gradually lost their function as general cavalry, and came to be primarily a social order, from whom officers were selected. In 123 BC, Gaius Gracchus gave the equites the right to sit on juries, a task previously restricted to members of the senate, but this right was contested for the remainder of the Republic. The ordo equester lost most of its powers under Augustus, but membership became a prerequisite for most important military positions.

Illustres equites Romani (also insignes equites Romani or splendidi equites Romani), introduced by Augustus, a class of equites possessing the property of a senator. The eques had to be free-born, together with his father and grandfather.

Vir consularis (someone who held the rank of consul, usually as a former consul)

Patricius (late imperial title), from the time of Constantine an honorific given to the highest officials, not tied to a specific office or the senate. In the fifth century usually given to the leading generals; remained relatively exclusive until the time of Justinian.

Senatorial titles:
 * Vir clarissimus, a very famous man, the style of all senators. An older title of courtesy, dating to the first and second centuries.
 * Vir spectabilis, an admirable man, from latter part of the fourth century, ranking between a clarissumus and an illustris.
 * Vir inlustris or illustris, an illustrious man, the highest rank among the senatorial elite. First appears in 354, not specifically senatorial, becoming regular perhaps in 372, and exclusive to the senate.  Held in addition to the rank of clarissimus.  By the middle of the fifth century, the active senators were illustres; the spectabiles and clarissimi who were not illustres ceased to take part in most business.  By the time of Justinian all the senators were illustres, and high office holders held other titles:


 * Vir magnificus, magnificentissimus, by the time of Justinian given to other high office holders, including the comites.
 * Vir gloriosus, gloriosissimus, by the time of Justinian the highest rank of the senatorial aristocracy, a function previously filled by the title of illustris.

Brill's New Pauly Four grades of equestrian ranks recognized by Licinius in his decree of 317 (Licinius II 4, Codex Theodosianus 12, 1, 5, l. 5): All of which could be written in the reverse order.
 * 1) Vir perfectissimus
 * 2) Vir ducenarius
 * 3) Vir centenarius
 * 4) Vir egregius (outstanding man), first encountered under Marcus Aurelius, became an official, non-inheritable title of office by 180/183, declined in importance during third century (as higher grades of equites were recognized, presumably)

Notes for Articles on Sabines, Oscans, Italic Peoples
OCD2:Italy The term "Italy" originally referred to just the toe of Italy, but the definition expanded from 450 BC to the Pyrrhic War, when it referred to everything south of Cisalpine Gaul and Liguria. In Augustus' time the term included everything south of the Alps. The Augustan poets used, among other terms, "Ausonia" (land of the Ausones); the Greeks "Opica" (strictly speaking, Campania).

"Long before the rise of Rome Italy was well populated and civilized from end to end. On the east coast were Illyrian immigrants: Veneti (?), Picentes, Messapii (qq.v.); these occasionally penetrated to the west.  Hardy Sabelli (q.v.) and the related Umbrians and Volsci (qq.v.) held and tended to expand from the mountainous central regions.  The southern coast-lands comprised Magna Graecia (q.v.).  In the north Gauls began to settle c. 400.  Various people inhabited the west; Ligurians, who were possibly of neolithic stock and originally held a wider area; Etruscans; Latini and the related Falisci and Hernici (qq.v.); Aurunci-Ausones and Oenotri (=Sicels?)..."

OCD2:Veneti "They may be of Illyrian extraction (cf. Hdt. 1. 196), although their surviving inscriptions (5th–1st c. B.C.) are not demonstrably in an Illyrian language. Archaeological evidence reveals that they immigrated into north Italy c. 950; here they preceded and later successfully resisted Etruscans and Gauls."

OCD2:Picenum "The inscriptions in the area fall into two groups: northern, from Novilara, Fano, and Pesaro, and southern (the so-called "Old Sabellic"), which, like the material culture of the region, has strong affinities with the opposite shores of the Adriatic."

OCD2:Messapii Immigrated into Calabria in the early iron age. Probably Illyrians, not Cretans. Inscriptions indicate that they spoke an Illyrian language. The Messapii proper are scarecely distinguishable from the Calabri and Sallentini (Salentini). The Peucetii (Poediculi) and Daunii also spoke Messapic. These people were collectively called Iapyges.

OCD2:Sabelli Not synonymous with Sabini. It is the Roman name for speakers of Oscan. They called themselves Safineis. Their original home was reputedly Sabine Amiternum, from which they expanded by proclaiming sacred springs and settling in fresh lands, imposing their language on and absorbing pre-Sabellian populations. This was the origin of the Samnites, Frentani, Campani, Lucani, Apuli, Bruttii, and Mamertini. The Paeligni, Vestini, Marrucini, Marsi, and Aequi (?), who spoke Oscan-type dialects, must have had a similar origin. They were more expansive than cohesive, and had no feeling of political unity. Examples cited: the Sabelli felt no unity with their ancestors, the Sabines, nor the Frentani with their ancestors, the Samnites. "Old Sabellic" is an inaccurate description applied to some untranslated inscriptions from Picenum; they may in fact be Illyrian.

OCD2:Sabini Origin is unknown; probably spoke Oscan; traditions relating to the absorption of Sabines into the early Roman population (i.e. Rape of the Sabine Women, Titus Tatius, Quirites) are probably grounded in fact.

OCD2:Umbrians Term used variously by both ancient and modern writers. A distinct Umbrian dialect of Italic is found in central Italy, and is closely related to Oscan.

OCD2:Volsci came from central Italy in the 6th century BC, and settled in the Liris valley and southeast of the Alban Hills by 500. Their language resembles Umbrian (cf. Festus, 204 L.).

OCD2:Aurunci Servius (ad Aen. 7. 727) identifies them with the Ausones (=Oscans), the prehistoric inhabitants of southern Italy (Ausonia).

OCD2:Oscans (Οπικοι, Opici, Pbsci, Osci). Prehistoric inhabitants of southern Italy. Their original habitat (Campania) gradually shrank. They may be identical with the historical Aurunci (Ausones). They were replaced by Sabelli, whose language came to be called Oscan. Samnites, Frentani, Campani, Lucani, Bruttii, Mamertini, and Apuli all spoke Oscan. The dialects of the central Italian Paeligni, Marrucini, Vestini, Marsi, Sabini, and Aequi (?) resembled Oscan. Oscan, Volscian, and Umbrian form one group of Italic languages; Latin and Faliscan form the other.

Gentilicia found in inscriptions, but not in list of Roman gentes

 * Accius
 * Acellius
 * Aecilius
 * Aefulanus (one Aefolanus)
 * Aerarius
 * Aerenus, Aerenius, Aerennius, Aerentius
 * Aerius (one Aeirius)
 * Aesquillius (Esquil-?)
 * Aetrius
 * Aetrilius
 * Agrius
 * Aius
 * Alficius
 * Alfidius
 * Alleius
 * Allenius
 * Allidius
 * Allius
 * Amaredius
 * Ammius
 * Anilius
 * Aninius
 * Annidius
 * Apicius
 * Aplius
 * Apertius (also Appertius)
 * Appaedius
 * Aprius
 * Areius
 * Aristius
 * Asidonius
 * Asmunius
 * Atellius
 * Aterius
 * Atidius
 * Atregtius
 * Atticius
 * Attonius
 * Auconius
 * Audienus
 * Audius
 * Aufidienus
 * Aufustius
 * Aurunceius
 * Avianius (same as Avianus?)
 * Avonius
 * Babbius
 * Babinius
 * Badius
 * Balbius
 * Baienius or Baenius
 * Barbius
 * Bassaeus
 * Bennius
 * Betutius (perhaps add to Betucius)
 * Betuvius or Vetuvius
 * Birrius
 * Blaesius
 * Blattius
 * Bombius
 * Bononius
 * Brinnius
 * Brittidius
 * Brittius
 * Bullatius
 * Buttius
 * Caenius or Caennius
 * Caesernius
 * Caetennius
 * Caedius or Caidius
 * Calatoria
 * Calicius
 * Callonius
 * Calpius
 * Calvius
 * Camelius
 * Camerius
 * Cammius
 * Camurtius
 * Candidius
 * Cantinius
 * Caprasius
 * Caprilius
 * Careius
 * Carfenus or Carfenius
 * Carinius
 * Caristius
 * Carminius
 * Carnius
 * Cartilius
 * Carulius
 * Cascellius
 * Catanius or Cattanius
 * Ceius
 * Celerius
 * Cellius
 * Celsius
 * Cepidius
 * Cerellius
 * Cerrinius
 * Cervidius
 * Cervius
 * Cetennius
 * Cingonius (include Cingonius Varro)
 * Clarennius
 * Clatius
 * Clavius
 * Clovatius or Cluatius
 * Clufennius
 * Congius
 * Connius
 * Constantius (search in combination with praenomina)
 * Corfidius (expand)
 * Cossius
 * Cossonius
 * Cravonius
 * Crispius
 * Crittius
 * Crixius or Crixsius
 * Cupronius
 * Curvius
 * Cutilius
 * Cutius
 * Datius
 * Decianus or Deccianus
 * Decirius
 * Decitius
 * Dentatius
 * Dirvitius
 * Dupilius
 * Edusius (one Edussius)
 * Elius
 * Eprius
 * Ergennius
 * Esuvius
 * Etrilius
 * Etuvius
 * Eulius
 * Exomnius
 * Faesasius
 * Faianius
 * Faltonius
 * Faonius
 * Farronius (probably the same as Farranius)
 * Fictorius
 * Figilius
 * Firminius
 * Fiscilius
 * Fisius
 * Flavidius
 * Fremedius
 * Fresidius or Fraesidius
 * Frontinius
 * Fulcidius
 * Fullonius
 * Funisulanus
 * Funius
 * Furfanius
 * Futius
 * Gadienus
 * Gargilius
 * Garrius
 * Gavillius
 * Gemellius
 * Gentius
 * Giamillius (same as Gemellius?)
 * Hedius
 * Hennius
 * Heredius
 * Hermaius
 * Hetereius or Etereius
 * Humanius
 * Ingenuinius
 * Ingenuius or Ingenius
 * Instuleius
 * Ippius
 * Lartidius
 * Lavius
 * Leptina
 * Lerius
 * Levinius
 * Limbricius
 * Lisius
 * Listinius
 * Longidius (one Logidius)
 * Lucanius or Lucanus
 * Lusanius
 * Lusienus
 * Lydacius
 * Mactorius
 * Magilius
 * Magnius or Magneius
 * Magrius
 * Magulnius (anciently Macolnius, Maculnius, Magolnius)
 * Maius
 * Mallonius
 * Mammius or Mamius
 * Manneius
 * Mansuetius
 * Mantius
 * Marcrinius
 * Masculinius (or Masclinius)
 * Maticius (Maticus in one case)
 * Matidius
 * Meclonius
 * Meddignatius
 * Mercello (!)
 * Messenius (see also Messenus)
 * Mindius
 * Minisius
 * Minuleius
 * Minutius
 * Mitreius
 * Modestius
 * Mogetius
 * Monnius
 * Montanius
 * Mundicius
 * Mundius
 * Murrasius
 * Murridius
 * Mursius
 * Murtius
 * Musius
 * Mussius
 * Naerius
 * Nanneius
 * Narius (perhaps Etruscan—one Aruns!)
 * Naevidius
 * Natrius
 * Nellius
 * Nemonius
 * Nerianus
 * Nervinius (possibly the same as Nerfinius)
 * Nicius
 * Nivellius
 * Noviolanus
 * Obinius
 * Olnius
 * Opstorius or Opsturius
 * Ostiensis
 * Otius
 * Paternius
 * Perrius
 * Pesidius
 * Petacius
 * Peticius
 * Petidius
 * Petiedius
 * Pettius (and Petius)
 * Picatius
 * Picidius
 * Pilonius
 * Piricatius
 * Pitius
 * Planius
 * Plutius
 * Pomentinus
 * Portumius
 * Primigenius (search using praenomina)
 * Priminius
 * Priscinius
 * Probius
 * Prusinius
 * Publienus
 * Pulfionius
 * Pullienus
 * Pullius
 * Raius
 * Rapellius
 * Rasticanus or Rasticanius
 * Rausius
 * Raventius
 * Refrius
 * Repellius
 * Rossius
 * Sacratorius
 * Sallius
 * Samiarius
 * Sammius
 * Sarronius
 * Saturnius
 * Scaefius (add to Scaevius?)
 * Scanius
 * Secundienus or Secundienius
 * Segolatius
 * Senatius
 * Sertius
 * Servandius
 * Sestuleius
 * Settidius
 * Sevius
 * Sincius
 * Sollonius (same as Solonius, Salonius?)
 * Sornius
 * Speratius
 * Stabilius
 * Stabius
 * Statutius
 * Stlabius
 * Stlaborius
 * Stlanius
 * Stronnius
 * Sucius or Succius
 * Sudius
 * Sulfius
 * Suestilius
 * Talvonius
 * Tamudius or Tammudius
 * Tappetius
 * Tapponius
 * Tarcius
 * Tatinius
 * Telegennius or Telegenius
 * Temonius
 * Terpolius
 * Tetricius
 * Thorasius
 * Timinius
 * Tincius
 * Tintirius
 * Tinucius
 * Tironius
 * Titacius
 * Titallius
 * Titienus
 * Titisenus/Titisenius
 * Titulius
 * Titucius
 * Tituleius
 * Tolumnius
 * Tongilius (one Toncilius)
 * Tonius
 * Tonneius
 * Toranius
 * Tossius
 * Trasuleius
 * Trausius
 * Trosius
 * Trutelius
 * Tudicius
 * Turranius
 * Umbilius
 * Umbreius
 * Umbrenus
 * Upellius
 * Urbanius
 * Urbicius
 * Urbinius
 * Ursius (probably the same as Urseius)
 * Urvinius or Urvinus or Urvineius
 * Utilius
 * Utius
 * Vaccius
 * Valentius
 * Valgius
 * Vallius
 * Vannius
 * Vargunteius
 * Variasius
 * Varronius
 * Vassius
 * Vaternius
 * Vatronius
 * Vehilius
 * Veienius or Veianius
 * Velitius
 * Venafranus or Venafranius
 * Venilius
 * Vennonius or Venonius
 * Ventilius
 * Venusius
 * Veponius
 * Veracilius
 * Veratius
 * Verinius
 * Vernasius
 * Vertius
 * Verulanus or Verulanius
 * Vesclarius
 * Veselius or Vessellius, probably the same as Visellius.
 * Vesidius, Vessidius, Vesedius, Vessedius
 * Vestilius
 * Vettesius
 * Vettenius, Vettennius, or Vetenius
 * Vettienus
 * Vibienus
 * Vibuleius
 * Vibulenus
 * Vibullius or Vibulius
 * Vicrius
 * Victorinius
 * Vigellius
 * Vilonius
 * Vindicius
 * Vindillius or Vindilius
 * Vindius
 * Vindonius
 * Vinucius
 * Virtius
 * Visidius
 * Visinius
 * Visius or Viseius
 * Vitalinius
 * Vitalius
 * Vitius
 * Vitullius
 * Vivatius
 * Vivius
 * Voesius
 * Volasenna
 * Volcius
 * Volteius (one Vulteius)
 * Voltius
 * Volturnius
 * Voluntilius
 * Vorenus (combine with Vorenius)
 * Votienus

Miscellaneous stuff
I randomly came across this discussion at Talk:Jonathan Glazer and just found Blotski's reply hilarious—and agree with it. I've often thought about the curious creature that he calls "offense by proxy", so I decided to copy the discussion here—otherwise I'll never be able to find it again!

Jewish People not "Jew"
"But other Jews condemned Glazer's speech. Jewish columnists John Podhoretz and Batya Ungar-Sargon criticized Glazer for using the words 'men who refute their Jewishness'"

I know that using "Jew" as shorthand for Jewish people is common, but I think when the situation is so polarized we need to take extra care. Jack-Vidence (talk) 20:58, 15 March 2024 (UTC)


 * Good point. I made the change. Up the Walls (talk) 00:57, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Erm, is this a case of exaggerated 'offence by proxy'. I am a Jew. I find nothing in the word to take offence at. Please watch Stephen Fry's recent video on Youtube 'I am a Jew'. Do I need to avoid the word Jew and describe myself as 'a Jewish Person' or of 'Jewish descent' to stop you feeling offended on my behalf or to prevent myself from offending myself? Although I understand your attitude is well meant and kind, I actually find it really patronising. I am a Jew. Try not to wince. Blotski (talk) 11:31, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Ben Sales said in the Washington Post that "‘Jew’ isn’t a slur. You don’t have to avoid saying it."
 * But if some people prefer "Jewish people" over "Jews", why not use "Jewish people"? Up the Walls (talk) 13:11, 17 March 2024 (UTC)